Методические указания для студентов по выполнению практических работ по учебной дисциплине
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Location, orientation and layoutLayout and orientation must be considered from the beginning of the design process. Orientation, layout and location on site will all influence the amount of sun a building receives and therefore its year-round temperatures and comfort. Other considerations include access to views and cooling breezes. Orientation and layout will also be influenced by topography, wind speed and direction, the site’s relationship with the street, the location of shade elements such as trees and neighbouring buildings, and vehicle access and parking. Orientation for passive heating and coolingFor maximum solar gain, a building will be located, oriented and designed to maximise window area facing north (or within 20 degrees of north) – for example, a shallow east-west floor plan. However, this will depend on the site’s shape, orientation and topography. For example, an east-west floor plan will not be possible on a narrow north-south site. Orientation for solar gain will also depend on other factors such as proximity to neighbouring buildings and trees that shade the site. For solar gain, as well as considering location, orientation and window size and placement, it is also important to consider the thermal performance and solar heat gain efficiency of the glazing unit itself. While solar gain for passive heating is important, other considerations include noise, daylighting, protection from prevailing winds, access to breezes for ventilation, shade to prevent summer overheating and glare, views, privacy, access, indoor/outdoor flow, owners’ preferences, and covenants and planning restrictions. Where passive cooling is more of a priority than passive heating, the building should be oriented to take advantage of prevailing breezes. Orientation, location and layout should be considered from the beginning of the design process – ideally, from the time the site is being selected. Once a building has been completed, it is impractical and expensive to reorient later. If optimal orientation can be achieved, it will reduce some of the heating requirement, reduce energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Effective solar orientation requires a good understanding of sun paths at the site at different times of the year.  Orientation of house for the sun With good orientation and suitable shading, summer sun is excluded but winter sun is allowed in to keep the house warm. Choosing a siteSelecting a site is the first and perhaps most important step in the passive design process. If a site is not suitable for passive design, some elements of the passive design ethos may not work in favour of efficiency and comfort. The most important factor is the amount of sun the site receives, as a site that receives little or no sunlight cannot be used for passive solar design. A flat site will generally have good sunlight access anywhere in New Zealand, but a south-facing slope or a site adjacent to a tall building or substantial planting on the northern side, will not receive good solar access. An ideal site for passive solar design will:
A site with north-south alignment is likely to receive midday sun and with minimal overshadowing, but may have limited morning or evening sun. A site with east-west alignment is more likely to be overshadowed to the north. Be wary of covenants that may prevent good orientation, shading to the north from trees or buildings, south-facing slopes or views. |
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