Учебное пособие по английскому языку казань 2017
Скачать 1.23 Mb.
|
| МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «КАЗАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЭКОЛОГИИ В ЭНЕРГЕТИКЕ УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ Казань 2017 УДК 811.111 БКК 81.2 Англ. П78 Рецензенты: кандидат филологических наук, доцент Казанского федерального университета Н.А. Депутатова; кандидат филологических наук, доцент Казанского государственного энергетического университета Э.Р. Замалютдинова
УДК 811.111 БКК 81.2 Англ. © Г.Ф. Лутфуллина; А.Т. Галиахметова, 2017 © Казанский государственный энергетический университет, 2017 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Данное учебное пособие ставит целью выработку у студентов навыков чтения и перевода текстов по экологической тематике. Современные тексты научно-популярного характера, подвергнутые незначительной адаптации, взяты из тематических изданий современных авторов. Пособие состоит из трех разделов. Первые два раздела отражают современные проблемы экологии в энергетике. Третий раздел посвящен грамматике и содержит как теоретический, так и практический материал. Каждый раздел включает тексты, словари к текстам, задания после текстов, позволяющие определить уровень понимания, не прибегая к переводу. Специальные упражнения на перевод терминов обеспечивают адекватность их последующего употребления в речи. Приложение в конце пособия предоставляет возможность самостоятельного изучения дополнительных текстов по каждому разделу. В процессе обучения по данному пособию у обучающегося формируется способность к коммуникации в устной и письменной формах на русском и иностранном языках для решения задач межличностного и межкультурного взаимодействия, использованию профессионально-ориентированной риторики, владению методами создания понятных текстов, осуществлению социального взаимодействия на одном из иностранных языков. Данное пособие может быть использовано в качестве основного или дополнительного при обучении студентов по образовательным программам «Инженерная защита окружающей среды» направления подготовки 20.03.01 «Техносферная безопасность» и «Аквакультура» направления подготовки 35.03.08 «Водные ресурсы и аквакультура». PART I. Energy and Pollution problems UNIT 1. ENERGY TODAY Text A. Energy today Prosperity for everyone on Earth by 2050 will require a sustainable source of electricity equivalent to 3 to 5 times the commercial power currently produced. Because of the low average incomes in developing countries, however, this energy must be provided at one-tenth the present total cost per kilowatt-hour. Solar-power stations constructed on the moon from common lunar materials could provide the clean, safe, low-cost commercial electric energy needed on Earth. Currently, commercial energy production on Earth raises concerns about pollution, safety, reliability of supply, and cost. These concerns grow as the world’s nations begin to expand existing systems to power a more prosperous world. Such growth could exhaust coal, oil, and natural gas reserves in less than a century, while the production and burning of these fossil fuels pollute the biosphere. Expanding nuclear fission power would require breeder reactors, but there is intense political resistance to that idea because of concerns about proliferation, nuclear contamination of the environment, and cost. Thousands of large commercial fusion reactors are highly unlikely to be built by 2050. Terrestrial renewable systems (hydroelectric, geothermal, ocean thermal, waves, and tides) cannot dependably provide adequate power. Using wind power would require capturing one-third of the power of the low-level winds over all the continents. Although energy coming directly to Earth from the sun is renewable, weather makes the supply variable. Very advanced technologies, such as 30 % efficient solar cells coupled with superconducting power transmission and storage, imply solar arrays that would occupy selected regions totaling 20 % of the area of the United States. Studies funded by the World Energy Council project that terrestrial solar energy will provide less than 15 % of the electric power needed for global prosperity by 2050. Vocabulary prosperity – процветание, успех sustainable source – устойчивый источник currently – в настоящее время, теперь provide – обеспечивать to expand – расширять, распространять exhaust – исчерпывать, истощать fossil fuel – ископаемое топливо proliferation – распространение nuclear contamination – ядерное загрязнение provide – oбеспечивать renewable – возобновляемый Exercise 1. Выпишите дополнительные незнакомые слова и выучите их. Exercise 2. Переведите текст и составьте по одному вопросу к каждому абзацу. Exercise 3. Дайте названия абзацам. Exercise 4. Выделите главную идею каждого абзаца и прочтите предложение, которое является главным для каждого абзаца. Exercise 5. Перескажите текст. Text B. Oil In Canada, oil has been extracted from tar sands since 1978 and here the costs have dropped from $28 per barrel to just $11. For comparison the price of a barrel of oil was $27 in 2000. The US Energy Information Agency estimates that today it will be possible to produce about 550 billion barrels of oil from tar sands and shale oil at a price below $30, i.e. that it is possible to increase the present global oil reserves by 50 percent. And it is estimated that within 25 years we can commercially exploit twice as much in oil reserves as the world’s present oil reserves. Should the oil price increase to $40 per barrel we will probably be able to exploit about five times the present reserves. The total size of shale oil resources is quite numbing. It is estimated that globally there is about 242 times more shale oil than the conventional petroleum resources. There is more than eight times more energy in shale oil than in all other energy resources combined – oil, gas, coal, peat and tar sands. This stunning amount of energy is the equivalent of our present total energy consumption for more than 5,000 years. Consequently, there is no need for any immediate worry about running out of fossil fuels. A proportion of the fossil fuels, however, are probably only accessible at a higher price. Still, there is good reason to believe that the total energy share of our budget – even if we continue to depend solely on fossil fuels – will be dropping. Today the global price for energy constitutes less than 2 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), and yet if we assume only a moderate continued growth in GDP this share will in all likelihood continue to drop. Even assuming truly dramatic price increases on energy of 100 percent, by the year 2030 the share of income spent on energy will have dropped slightly. Vocabulary extract добывать tar sands битуминозные пески estimate оценивать shale oil сланцевое масло exploit разрабатывать accessible доступный drop падать, снижаться gross domestic product (gdp) валовый внутренний продукт Exercise 1. Выпишите дополнительные незнакомые слова и выучите их. Exercise 2. Переведите текст и составьте по одному вопросу к каждому абзацу. Exercise 3. Дайте названия абзацам. Exercise 4. Выделите главную идею каждого абзаца и прочтите предложение, которое является главным для каждого абзаца. Exercise 5. Перескажите текст. Text C. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy constitutes six percent of global energy production and 20 percent in the countries that have nuclear power. Despite growth in Asia, the prospects for this sector spell stagnation until 2010 and a minor recession after that. This recession is mainly caused by perceived problems of security as stressed by the accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl which undermined many people’s confidence in this energy source. Ordinary nuclear power exploits the energy of fission by cleaving the molecules of uranium-235 and reaping the heat energy. The energy of one gram of uranium-235 is equivalent to almost three tons of coal. Nuclear power is also a very clean energy source which during normal operation, almost does not pollute. It produces no carbon dioxide and radioactive emissions are actually lower than the radioactivity caused by coal-fueled power plants. At the same time nuclear power also produces waste materials that remain radioactive for many years to come (some beyond 100,000 years). This has given rise to great political debates on waste deposit placement and the reasonable of leaving future generations such an inheritance. Additionally, waste from civilian nuclear reactors can be used to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons. Consequently, the use of nuclear power in many countries also poses a potential security problem. For the moment there is enough uranium-235 for about 100 years. However, a special type of reactor – the so-called fast-breeder reactor – can use the much more common uranium-238 which constitutes over 99 percent of all uranium. The idea is that while uranium-238 cannot be used directly in energy production it can be placed in the same reactor core with uranium-235. The uranium-235 produces energy as in ordinary reactors, while the radiation transforms uranium-238 to plutonium-239 which can then be used as new fuel for the reactor. It sounds a bit like magic, but fast-breeder reactors can actually produce more fuel than they consume. Thus it is estimated that with these reactors there will be sufficient uranium for up to 14,000 years. Unfortunately these reactors are more technologically vulnerable and they produce large amounts of plutonium that can be used for nuclear weapons production, thus adding to the security concerns. Nuclear power, however, has barely been efficient in the production of energy and this is probably the major reason why its use has not been more widespread. It is difficult to find unequivocal estimates of the total costs since there are so many different variables that can affect the calculations, but typically the price hovers around 11-13 cents for one kilowatt-hour (kWh) in 1999 prices. This should be compared with an average energy price for fossil fuels of 6.23 cents. In the longer run, the primary focus is no longer on fission energy but rather on fusion energy. This technology aims at fusing two hydrogen atoms into a single atom of helium. A single gram of fuel can develop the same energy as 45 barrels of oil. Fuel comes basically from ordinary sea water and thus supply is virtually infinite. Moreover, there will be very little radioactive waste or emissions. However, fusion demands astronomical temperatures and despite investments above $20 billion we have still only managed to achieve 10 percent of the laser power necessary for producing energy. Consequently, it is supposed that fusion energy will be commercially available only after 2030 or perhaps only well into the twenty-second century. Vocabulary stagnation застой sufficient достаточный undermine подрывать, разрушать vulnerable уязвимый, ранимый confidence уверенность hover колебаться to cleave раскалывать average средний emissions выбросы in the longer run в более долгосрочной перспективе remain оставаться fission расщепление inheritance наследие fusion слияние consume потреблять consequently следовательно Exercise 1. Выпишите дополнительные незнакомые слова и выучите их. Exercise 2. Переведите текст и составьте по одному вопросу к каждому абзацу. Exercise 3. Дайте названия абзацам. Exercise 4. Выделите главную идею каждого абзаца и прочтите предложение, которое является главным для каждого абзаца. Exercise 5. Перескажите текст. UNIT 2. SAFE ENERGY Text A. Energy problems Renewable energy sources, unlike fossil fuel, can be used without ever being used up. These are typically sources such as sun, wind, water and Earth’s internal heat. It is important to focus on the fact that the difference in cost between traditional fossil fuels and some of the cheapest: renewable energy sources is so relatively slight. Moreover, these economic costs do not include the negative social cost of fossil fuel use on the environment. Energy from a coalfired power plant may still be 20-50 percent cheaper than the energy produced by a windmill, but if the effects on environment and humans from coal pollution and waste products exceed the price difference then society ought to choose wind energy. Recently, one European and two American large-scale projects have attempted to examine all costs associated with electricity production, all the way from the mortal risks of mining coal, the traffic hazards of transportation and occupational hazards of production including consequences of acid rain, particles, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ozone on lakes, crops, buildings, children and old people and up to the consequences of tax codes and occupation plus a long, long list of similar considerations and costs. Altogether these studies find that the extra social cost of new coalfired power plants is around 0.16-0.59 cents per kWh. None of the three studies, however, quantifies the costs of carbon dioxide which probably means an additional 0.64 cents per kWh. Consequently renewable energy actually has to drop somewhat in price before it will be competitive, even including social costs. Nevertheless, it is estimated that the price of renewable energy will fall faster than the price for conventional energy. It should however also be added that there is still quite a bit of uncertainty about the predictions of such prices, because early predictions in hindsight have seemed rather optimistic. In 1991 the Union of Concerned Scientists predicted that solar power today would drop below 10 cents per kWh, but unfortunately it has still only dropped to about 50 cents per kWh. Thus, it is unclear whether it is necessary to support renewable energy with subsidies and tax exemptions. In Denmark this subsidy is as much as 5 cents per kWh for wind energy, and in the US, subsidy for wind power is estimated at about 1.5 cents per kWh. It would still be much more effective to tax energy such that its actual price would adequately reflect the social costs in production and emissions. |
Похожие:
 | Л 47 Английская литература 1890-1960: Учебное пособие по английскому языку. 2-е изд. М.: Флинта, Наука, 2000. 144 с |  | Учебное пособие по английскому языку. Уровень C1 / [А. А. Тычинский и др.]; под общ ред. А. А. Тычинского. Моск гос ин-т междунар... |
| Данное учебное пособие прнедназначено для студентов 1 курса миу и является первой частью пособия по общему языку | | Пособие содержит аутентичные документы и письма; материалы для развития навыков устного и письменного перевода; снабжено англо-русским... |
| Разработано учебное пособие в соответствии с требованиями Программы дисциплины английский язык для направления 080 100. 62 «Экономика»... | | Данный электронный материал по английскому языку предназначен для бортпроводников воздушных судов с целью помочь им подготовиться... |
| Учебное пособие предназначено для аспирантов и соискателей всех специальностей, готовящихся к сдаче кандидатского экзамена по английскому... | | Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов заочного обучения экономических специальностей |
| Пособие состоит из 8 разделов, посвященных некоторым из основных проблем биологии, 24 уроков, 10 текстов для дополнительного чтения,... | | Стандартом основного общего образования по английскому языку, Федеральным компонентом государственного образовательного стандарта... |