Практический курс английского языка 4 курс Под редакцией В. Д. Аракина издание четвертое, переработанное и дополненное
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Commentary 1 St Bartholomew's, St. Swithin's Hospitals: medical schools in London. 2 invigilator: a person who watches over students during examinations. 3 Old Bailey: Central Criminal Court, situated in London in the street of the same name. 4 the tripos: examination for an honours degree in Cambridge University. 5 firsts, seconds, thirds: a system of grading degrees. 6 the viva: an oral examination. SPEECH PATTERNS 1. However, I'm not worried. They never read the papers anyway. — You needn't worry about the meals. She never has anything for breakfast anyway. — I'm sure she is perfect for you. Anyway, I didn't mean to imply she was deficient. 2. "His father will have him go in for medicine,".the housemaster said. None can have him wear a formal dress for any function". The examiner will have him give the proper answer. 3. Now that you are well again, you can travel. Now that you are through with this problem you can do anything. Now that he's become a graduate student, he can go in for research. Phrases and Word Combinations to cheat in exams to adopt an attitude of… to tick smth off …towards to swot up colloq. for to study to get through to keep an eye open for smth/smb to cut smb short to mark and grade the papers to rally one's thoughts to come out (about results) to call out names to raise one's voice ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY 1. annoy vt/i 1) to make a little angry, especially by repeated acts; to disturb and nervously upset a person, e. g. Wilfred did not want to pay too much attention to Fleur, he was afraid of annoying her. Syn. vex, irk, bother 2) persistent interrupting, interrupting with or intruding on until the victim is angry, or upset, e. g. Clouds of flies annoyed our horses. Syn. worry, harass, plague, pester, tease . Ant. soothe, comfort to be annoyed at/over smth, e. g. He was annoyed at the boy's stupidity. to be annoyed with, e. g. The old woman was annoyed with the noisy children. annoying a causing one to feel annoyed, as annoying manners, e. g. How annoying...! The annoying thing about it is that I keep thinking about Lizzy. Syn. bothersome, irritating, troublesome, harassing, tormenting, nagging, vexatious. 2. chatter vi 1) to talk quickly or foolishly or without a stop, e. g. The two gids chattered merrily unaware of Roger's presence. 2) to make quick indistinct sounds, e. g. The sparrows were chattering on the roof of the cottage. 3) to strike the lower and upper teeth together from cold or fever, e. g. She was so frightened that her teeth chattered. chatterbox n a person who chatters. chatter n sounds of the kinds described by the verb to chatter, e.g. The chatter of the birds could be heard everywhere. chattering n e. g. The cheerful chattering of children came from the nursery. to chatter like a magpie 3. cheer vt/i 1) to fill with gladness, hope, high spirits; comfort, e. g. Everyone was cheered by the good news. He cheered up at once when I promised to help him. Cheer up! Your troubles will soon be over. 2) to give shouts of joy, approval, or encouragement, e. g. The speaker was loudly cheered. Everybody cheered the news that peace had come. to cheer for (cheer on) to support (a competitor) with cheers, to encourage, e. g. Let's go to the football game and cheer for our favourite team. Please come to the sports meeting to cheer on dur team. cheer n 1) state of hope, gladness; words of cheer, of encouragement; 2) shout of joy or encouragement used by spectators to encourage or show enthusiasm or support for their team, e. g. The cheers of the spectators filled the stadium. to give three cheers for to cry, or shout "Hurrah!" three times, e. g. The team members gave three cheers for their captain. cheerful a 1) happy and contented, e.g. He kept throughout his life his youthful optimism and his cheerful trust in men. Syn, glad, happy, light-hearted, joyful, joyous Ant. gloomy 2) bright, pleasant, bringing joy, as a cheerful room, sound, conversation; cheerful surroundings, e. g. Mary's cheerful talk encouraged her friends. Ant. cheerless, gloomy cheery a is a rather trivial colloquialism for cheerful. cheerio interj a colloquial word used as farewell, e. g. Cheerio, old friends! cheers 1) is used as a toast "Your health!”, e. g. Does everybody have beer? Yes, cheers. 2) a modern informal use of cheers in British English is to mean good-bye or thank you, e. g. I'll give you a hand tomorrow. Cheers, that'll be great. 4. contest vt 1) to argue; debate, dispute, as to contest a statement (a point); to try to show that it is wrong, as to contest smb's right to do smth.; 2) to take part in a struggle or competition (with or against srab or smth.), as to contest a match (a race), e. g. Jim had to contest against the world's best winners in the Games and did well to come third. 3) to fight or compete for, to try to win, as to contest a seat in Parliament, e. g. The soldiers contested every inch of the ground. Syn. contend contest n struggle, fight; competition, as a keen contest for the prize; a contest of skill; a musical contest; a close contest, e. g. The ice-hockey championship was a close contest between Canada, Sweden and Russia. contestant n one who contests Syn. contender contestable a open to argument, e. g. That's a contestable statement, you can't prove it. 5. emerge vi 1) to come forth into view from an enclosed and obscure place, e. g. The moon emerges from beyond the clouds. 2) to rise into notice and esp. to issue, (come forth) from suffering, subjection, danger, embarrassment, etc., e. g. New artistic developments emerged after the revolution. 3) to come out as the result of investigation, discussion (of a fact, a principle), e. g. At last there emerged Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Syn. to turn up, to show up emergency n a sudden happening requiring prompt action; one to be used in an emergency, as an emergency exit (door); an emergency fund; an emergency (forced) landing, e. g. These stairs are to be used only in an emergency. The plane was caught in a snowstorm and had to make an emergency landing. Syn. juncture, contingency, pinch, crisis 6. go vt with adv and prp go about 1) to move or travel around, e. g. The quickest way to go about the city is by underground train. 2) to start (smth or doing smth), e. g. I wanted to make a dress but didn't know how to go about it. go along to proceed, make progress, e. g. You may have some difficulties at first, but you'll find it easier as you go along. go at (smth or smb) to rush at, attack (informal), e. g. They went at each other furiously. go back 1) to return, as in conversation (to smth), e. g. Let us go back to what the chairman was saying. 2) to fail to fulfil (a promise, agreement, etc.), e. g. You should never go back on your promise to a child. go behind to examine a deeper level of smth, e. g. You have to go behind the poet's words to see what she really means. go by (of fault, etc.) 1) to pass without being noticed (informal), e.g.I know you were late again this morning, but we'll let it go by. 2) to base one's judgement on smb, e. g. You can't go by what he says, he's very untrustworthy. go down 1) to be received, esp. with approval, to be liked (by someone), e. g. How did your speech go down (with the public)? 2) to be considered less worthy, e. g. He went down in my opinion. go down the drain to be wasted; to fail completely, e. g. All my attempts to help him went down the drain. go easy (informal) 1) to behave calmly (usu. imper.), e. g. Go easy, dear, there's nothing to get excited about. 2) to treat someone kindly, not severely (on, with), e. g. Go easy on the child, will you, she is too young to understand what she did. go as/so far as (informal) to be bold or direct enough (to do smth), to declare the truth, e. g. I wouldn't go so far as to say she is a liar. go into to examine, e. g. The police went into the man's story to see if he was telling the truth. go over to examine, to see that it is correct, e.g. The counsellor went over his story in detail and suggested some improvements. go round to move around, to be publicly noticed (doing smth), e. g. You can't go round saying nasty things like that about him. 7. hint n slight or indirect indication or suggestion, e. g. She gave him a hint that she would like him to leave. I know how to take a hint. "Hints for housewives" (as the title of an article giving suggestions that will help housewives) to drop a hint, e. g. I dropped him hints on the impropriety of his conduct. to give a person a gentle (broad) hint, e. g. Martin gave Joe a gentle hint but it was lost upon him. hint vi to suggest, to mention casually, e. g. The woman hinted at her urgent need of money. He hinted at my impudence. He hinted that I ought to work harder. Syn. suggest, imply, intimate, insinuate 8. rattle vt/i 1) (cause to) make short, sharp sounds quickly, one after the other, e. g. The windows were rattling in the strong wind. The hail rattled on the roof. to rattle off (colloq.) to talk, to say or repeat smth quickly; to repeat (words) quickly and too easily from memory; to perform (an action) with ease and speed, e. g. What is the point of teaching the children to rattle off the names of the kings and queens of England if they know nothing about history? to rattle away/on to talk rapidly and at some length and uninterestingly, e. g. At every meeting of the women's club, Mrs White rattles on for hours. 2) to annoy, cause to feel angry, e. g. My persistent questioning of his story rattled him, and he refused to answer my queries. She was rattled by the hypothetical eyes spying upon her. Syn. embarrass, discomfit, abash, faze rattled a annoyed, e. g. In the end he got rattled, (or: We got him rattled.). 9. reduce vt/i 1) to take (smth) smaller or less; being smth (such as a price, size, or amount) down to a lower level or smaller size, e. g. Your speed must be reduced to the city speed limit as soon as you cross the border. Taxes should be reduced to an amount that people can afford to pay. The book will have to be reduced to 300 pages. The whole town was reduced to ashes in the bombing. 2) to bring or get to a certain condition, e. g. The new teacher was quickly able to reduce the noisy class to silence. Hunger had reduced the poor dog to skin and bone. His opponent's clever speech reduced the speaker's argument to nonsense. to reduce by/to, e. g. We have been able to .reduce our tax bill by 10%. The price of the chair has been reduced to $ 10. to reduce someone to tears to make someone weep, e. g. You may choose to scold this child, but there's no need to reduce him to tears. Syn. decrease, lessen, diminish, abate, dwindle reduction n reducing or being reduced, e. g. The goods are sold at a great reduction in price. Syn. discount READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES 1. a) Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words: authority; contest n, prize-fighter; enthusiastic; solo; despondently; paths; invigilator; flagrant; dispassionately; anonymous; nonchalant; frustrated; recognize; tripos; admirably; remoteness; viva; imminent; irritatingly; desperate; photographer; prejudice; admiring; tetanus; previously; triumphal; plough; opiate a; sponge. b) Listen to your partners' reading of the exercise. Correct their mistakes, if they have any. 2. Practise the pronunciation of the following words paying attention to: a) two principal stresses; b) the secondary and principal stresses. Beat the time: a) well-established; thenceforward; meanwhile; well-trodden; self-consciousness; unhurriedly: dissatisfied; undeserved; un-exploded; blackjack. b) examination; inevitability; investigation; representative; differentiate; superiority; interrogation; invitation; familiarity; inescapable; anatomic; disadvantage; preparation; congratulation; disappear. 3. Read the following word combinations paying attention to the phonetic phenomena of connective speech (assimilation, lateral and nasal plosions, the loss of plosion, the linking “r”). Mind the pronunciation of the vowels and observe proper rhythm: that the authorities have found the most fair and convenient to both sides; they are a straight contest between himself and the examiners; there is rarely any frank cheating in medical examinations; standing at the front and gazing at him; like the policemen that flank the dock at the Old Bailey; they were able to complete the examination in an hour and a half; the last question was rushed through; I walked down the stairs; in the square outside; without the threat of immediate punishment; who treated the whole thing; he looked upon the viva simply as another engagement; she would get through; reeling out the lines of treatment; but they were a subdued, muttering crowd; a clock tingled twelve in the distance; I expected the windows to rattle; the clouds hung in the air. 4. Read the following passages: a) from "I walked down the stairs" up to "... without arousing any comment"; b) from "... I stood before table four" up to "... and stumbled through the answer..."; c) from "... The elder porter raised his voice..." up to the end of the text. Use proper intonation groups and observe the rhythm. Bear in mind the character of the passage. 5. Make the following sentences complete using the patterns (p. 10) 1. You can just leave. I'm about to tell Bucky to forget it... . 2. I'm done for the moment and ready to join you. I've rinsed my plate and my spoon and run a damp sponge across the kitchen counter. I din't intend to do any more cleaning .... 3. I'll write you a check. We're still trying to get my dad's affairs sorted out. ... we do appreciate your help. 4. — Do you want me to make a quick run to the market? — I'd surely appreciate it. Since we're low on milk, I have to do it myself.... 6. Paraphrase the following sentences, using the patterns: 1. — I'm sure he was trying to be helpful. Nevertheless, there's probably no harm done. 2. Rawson went right on: "This or that way, in the late eighties I started writing to this woman I met through a pen pal ad." 3. — Can I lend you a hand? — No, thanks. I'm almost done. I never hoped to find anything here so far. 4. If a man shows signs of nervous tension or being under stress you must make him consult a doctor. 5. The teacher must make his children develop a critical way of thinking. 6. If you want to help a worried person under stress you, must be patient and encourage him to talk. 7. His behavior in those trying circumstances does him honor. You must make him write about it. 8. You explained that "trying to keep up with the Joneses" means to have as much as one's neighbors (the Joneses) and, if possible, even more. 9. You have promised to take the children for a drive, so you must keep your word. 10. The professor drew their attention to the difference between the two theories. It is now clear to the students. |
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