Взгляд на экологию
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| 5.Place the appropriate word from the list in each of the blanks below: flux, existence, originated, ceasing, shell, to date, rocks, diverse, fragile, entire
Reading for Speaking and Discussing Read the text and answer the question: -Who played the most prominent role in the development of the biosphere concept? Biosphere The biosphere is the part of Earth's outer shell – including land, surface rocks, water, and the atmosphere – within which life occurs. From the broadest geophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere (rocks), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air). Currently the entire Earth contains over 75 billion tons of biomass (life), which lives within various environments within the biosphere. Over nine-tenths of the total biomass on Earth is plant life, on which animal life depends very heavily for its existence. More than 2 million species of plants and animals have been identified to date, and the actual number of existing species ranges from several million to over 50 million. The number of individual species is constantly in some degree of flux, with new species appearing and others ceasing to exist on a continual basis. The total number of species is presently in rapid decline. Biosphere is a relatively thin life-supporting layer around the Earth containing living organisms, which is strongly influenced in composition, structure and energetics by the living organisms. Part of the biosphere containing the highest concentration of living matter – the Earth’s thin and fragile “film of life” – varies from a few meters in deserts and tundra to a hundred meters in tropical forest regions and oceans. The biosphere is a complex system of energy use and material cycling. This system runs on energy flowing into it from the Sun and gives off energy (primarily as heat) to space. We can divide the biosphere into two parts, living and nonliving, or biotic and abiotic. The biotic part of the biosphere consisting of fauna and flora is called biota. The idea of biosphere originated rather casually more than a century ago. It was Edward Suess, an Austrian who proposed the term biosphere after observing that life only developed within the strict limits of earth’s part that makes up the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. The concept played little part in scientific thought, however, until it was developed by the Russian scientist V.I. Vernadsky. It is essentially his concept of the biosphere that we accept today. EvolutionLife, as it is currently understood, is known to exist only on the planet Earth. The origin of life is still a poorly understood process, but it is thought to have occurred about 3.9 to 3.5 billion years ago on the earth that had a substantially different environment than is found at present. These life forms possessed the basic traits of self-replication and inheritable traits. Once life had appeared, the process of evolution by natural selection resulted in the formation of ever-more diverse life forms. Species that were unable to adapt to the changing environment and competition from other life forms became extinct. The appearance of photosynthesis in very basic forms of plant life worldwide allowed the sun's energy to create conditions allowing for more complex life. As a result oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the ozone layer. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of yet more complex cells called eukaryotes. Cells within colonies became increasingly specialized, resulting in true multicellular organisms. With the ozone layer absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation, life colonized the surface of Earth. 1. Grammar Revision. Find in the text and translate the sentences with:
2. Answer the questions.
3. Ask your partner some more questions on the text. 4. Substitute the words in bold type for their synonyms: covering, appeared, change, combining, accidentally, life, delicate, emerged, circle
5. Finish the sentences using the text.
6. Complete the definitions.
(atmosphere, ecosystem, “film of life”, ecology, biosphere, biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere) 7. Translate.
8. Summarize the text “Biosphere”. Use the following beginnings: The text reports on… The text touches upon… A careful account is given to… It is reported that… Much attention is given to… The text points out that… The text deals with the problem of… The text provides information on… The text defines the phenomenon of… The text covers such points as… 9. Work in pairs. Discuss the facts from the text. Use the following expressions:
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