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Different techniques of embroidery
It’s one of the most widely spread stitches. It is performed from left to right or from the bottom to the top. Fasten a thread, do a stitch backwards, pricking a needle across 3-4 threads and then take out the needle at the place of the first puncture. It’s important to observe the thread is always from the same side of the needle – on the right or on the left. The stitches must be not long, equal, tightly placed to each other. Only under these conditions the stitch is clear, distinct, even and nice to look at.
Embroidery in satin stitch is the complete filling in the plane according to the earlier made pattern. Such embroidery doesn’t depend on the direction of the threads in the cloth. So you can use fabric with smooth surface. There are different types of satin stitch: white satin-stitch, shadow satin stitch, cutting satin stitch, flooring satin stitch. In order to decorate female shawls and kerchiefs, the Mountain Mari women used the white satin stitch. It is done with white silk threads on the thin cloth (cambric, voile or marquisette).
Ex.16. Read the text and do the tasks after it. Some general rules for an embroiderer If you are going to take up embroidering, don’t forget the rules of your safety.
Following these simple instructions, you will be healthy, cheerful, energetic and be able to enjoy the results of your work!
Ex.17. Read the text and do the tasks after it. Mari national clothes The main function of any clothes is practical, so the Mari costume fully corresponded to the climatic conditions of the region where people used to live. In addition to it the clothes performed a number of other functions. The costume had differences of local character: due to its cut you could easily identify what place the man came from. Within one set of clothes there were some peculiarities which were determined by its owner's age. According to the number of elements and the amount of decorations and ornaments, the costumes can be divided into a few groups: 1. for children up to 10 years old 2. for teenagers (10-16) 3. for young unmarried girls 4. for women up to 40 years old 5. for those who are older than 40 years old. The clothes for kids, boys and girls, practically didn’t differ. They usually included a skirt and a pair of trousers. In the past the level of death among children was rather high, especially among babies. In order to protect them from diseases and evil eye the children’s clothes were decorated with amulets. Bright ribbons, coins, shells, squirrels’ tails were used as specific guards. They were usually attached to the caps of kids. When a girl grew up, her clothes changed. The ornaments on the shirts became more complicated: different decorations, e.g. necklaces made of beads or glass beads, appeared. At the age of 15-16 the girl’s costume was enriched with bracelets, ear-rings, hair decorations, made of coins. On week days a young woman wore not very many decorations. On holidays she put on the complete set of decorations: on her chest, on her waist, on her neck, on her hair, on her arms. The clothes of a young woman (up to 40) were richly embroidered, especially on the chest. It was done to protect a woman – future mother. After 40 years old a Mari woman started wearing clothes with more simple and modest trimmings. The costume of a bride had some unique features. For example, Meadow Mari bride had to wear a fox cap. The bride’s costume also included a large embroidered shawl. The bride had been covered with it before she entered the groom’s house. It protected her from evil eye. The cloth was made from nettle fibre. Later they were replaced by large silk kerchiefs with long tassels. The Mountain Mari decorated the wedding kerchief with a copper cross. The items of folk costumes were usually of white colour. The white colour is an ancient peculiarity of the Mari costume. The Mari people used to call themselves “a silver man” or “a white man”. The compulsory component of the Mari clothes, female in particular, were various decorations. In 19 century most of them women produced with their own hands. They widely used coins, shells, beads, glass beads, mother-of-pearl and multi-coloured buttons. In addition the Mari women made use of ribbons, braids or tapes, tassels and fringe. More often than other items were used silver coins. To complete the full set of decorations, a Mountain Mari woman needed 100 rubles in silver in the 19-th century. The decorations were highly valued and were handed down from mother to daughter. Not each woman could have the whole set of decorations. The Meadow Mari women wore decorations on the forehead. It was a narrow stripe of cloth covered with two rows of silver coins. There were special decorations for ears. The first type was made of wire. They were curved in the form of a question mark and were trimmed with beads. The second type was represented by a narrow stripe of leather, which had the form of a loop and was covered with coins. Meadow Mari women, decorated such ear rings with balls, made of hair’s fur. They were usually dyed into pink colour. On the head there were special decorations for plaits in the form of ribbons, the edges of which were also dotted with beads and coins. The arm decorations included numerous bracelets, rings. They were spread among all Mari women.
1. Clothes fulfill a great number of functions. 2. The main function of any clothes is decorative. 3. The type of the national clothes depended on the climate. 4. People of different age wore different kinds of clothes. 5. The clothes for kids, boys and girls, were quite the same. 6. The children’s clothes were always decorated with amulets. 7. The embroidery was done in order to protect a woman from evil eye. 8. The costume of a bride had some peculiarities. 9. Nettle was considered to have magic power against evil eye. 10. The national Mari clothes were originally of many colours. 11. The full set of female decorations was rather expensive. 12. Meadow Mari women wore decorations on the arms and head.
Марийское платье Белы одежды моего народа – свидетельство духовной чистоты. Жизнь предков шла в гармонии с природой, благословлявшей труд их и мечты. Нежнейших листьев робкое волненье, Стремящихся навстречу свету, ввысь И солнечных лучей торжественное пенье В зелено-красной вышивке сплелись. Костюм марийки – песнь о счастье жизни, Творенье мудрой мысли и мечты. В нем связь времен, он – гимн родной Отчизне, Он символ мира, света, чистоты. National dress Like water lilies, delicate and tender The dresses of the Mari women are. The hems that crisp and rustle, make the figure slender. Besides, they demonstrate the beauty of the ancient folk craft. Embroidery, that covers all the clothes, Demands a lot of patience, work ant time. The magic figures, animals and flowers, Triangles, circles, lines – all look divine. Embroidery narrates about past and present, It symbolizes our victory and might. It the hymn to native land – not vast, but pleasant, Absorbing in itself the people’s wisdom and delight. Ex.18. Read the text and do the tasks after it. All-Russia festival of the folk costume In 2000, 2001 in the Republic of Mari El took place the Republican competitions called “The festival of the Mari national costume”. In April 2002 Yoshkar-Ola was the center of the first inter-regional festival of the same kind. On 17-20 April 2003 on the initiative of the Department of Culture of Russia the Mari capital welcomed the first all-Russia festival of national clothes. It was decided that such contests would be held every two years. Craftswomen of different folk studios and clubs almost from all regions of our Republic participated in the first All-Russia Festival. They presented numerous variants of the national Mari clothes. Among them were: 1. The women’s club “Erviy” (Novootryalsky Region). The author L.A. Baranova created the samples of modern holiday Mari costume. 2. The Palace of Culture (Sernur). The author L.V. Vetkina made the traditional wedding Mari clothes and a set of clothes for children. 3. The club “Unaviy”, the studio of traditional Mari embroidery in the House of Craftsmen in Zvenigivo. The costumes, presented by N.E. Maikova, were awarded with a special prize for keeping the folk traditions. 4. The Palace of children and Youth (Yoshkar-Ola) prepared the stage Mari costumes for children. The author of the project – N.A. Konstantinova. 5. The studio of designing national clothes in the village of Chodrayal (Morkinsky Region) presented the collection of modern Mari holiday dresses and suits. 6. The Leisure Centre in the village of Medvedevo. The author V.S. Polikarpova presented the Mari stage costume. 7. Childrren’s boarding House in Kozmodemyansk presented the collection of the stage Mountain Mari costumes. The author of the project N.K. Kazakova called it “The connection of the times”. The festival proved that a costume in the national style would always sound actual and without any doubt would be in great demand for ever. They demonstrated that the folk style had won great popularity among the followers of fashion. It turns out, that modern costume designers create unique samples which are based on the folk traditions and motifs. They make their models approach the current every day life and correspond to the spiritual, ethic, esthetic demands of the designers’ contemporaries. The role of the national costume in esthetic upbringing, in increasing the level of self-identity, in developing the sense of respect to the cultural heritage of the people can’t be overestimated.
Ex.19. Read the text and do the tasks after it. Fashion show Our first exhibit is every day clothes for a man. They consist of baggy trousers and a shirt. They are made of pure flax (лен). Linen clothes are hand-made. The shirt looks like a tunika; the sleeves and the neck are decorated with embroidery. The second model shows us an every day dress for a woman. It is also decorated with embroidery, ribbons and coins. The last model is wearing a wedding dress. It consists of a dress. An apron and a special fur-cap. The clothes are richly decorated with pendants (висюльки) and silver coins. All the decorations are made of beads, glass beads, buttons. Coins symbolize the sun which must drive away the evil spirits.
Dress, cotton, embroidery, silk, wool, cap, shirt, coins, trousers, apron, hat, beads, nylon, coat, velvet, glass bead, flax, leather, jacket, sweater.
Mitten – hand; trousers - …; cap - …; scarf - …; boots - …; coat - …; belt - … .
Ann, Kate and Alice were wearing dresses. One was wearing a blue dress, the second – a red one, the third – a green one. What colour dress was everybody wearing if Kate wasn’t wearing a blue and a red dress, Ann wasn’t wearing a blue dress. Ex. 20. Read the text and do the tasks after it. The ethnical defile The Mari clothes designer Iraida Stepanova … (1) her collection of clothes at the first international … (2) festival “Finno-Ugric Art style” in Syktyvkar in November, 2006. The festival summoned a …(3) number of participants – about 50…(4) from the Republic of Mari El, Udmut Republic, Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug, the Chuvash Republic, the Republic of Mordovia and from some Finno-Ugric …(5). Her… (6) consisted of 9 models of different styles, … (7), but they all had one thing in common: each dress or blouse or …(8) was decorated with the Mari national hand-made embroidery. The things were not cheap, they… (9) 4-5 thousand rubles… (10), but they were worth that… (11). A lot o pieces of… (12) collection “went” to Finland and Hungary.
A. to inform B. to compare C. to illustrate Ex. 21. Render the text in English. Think of a title for it. Discuss the text in the form of a dialogue with your partner. Don’t forget to express your point of view. За последнее полустолетие в стране произошли большие изменения, которые коснулись и традиционного марийского костюма. Домотканые изделия сменились фабричными тканями, сложная трудоемкая вышивка упростилась, стала более легкой. Платья и передники стали украшаться растительными орнаментами, крупными бутонами; костюмы уже потеряли прежнюю строгую красоту, кажутся даже аляповатыми. Во многих случаях вышивка заменяется полосками ткани, тесьмой, кружевами. Сейчас мало найдется вышивальщиц, готовых трудиться с утра до вечера целый месяц над одной рубашкой. На одежде деревенских девушек и женщин почти не видно старинной марийской вышивки. Она перекочевала на сцены театров, клубов, украшая костюмы артистов. Особой популярностью пользуется марийская вышивка в странах Запада, где ручная работа высоко ценится. Народ, сумевший создать такое самобытное искусство, не может не обладать врожденной культурой. Unit 5. Mari national cuisine Ex.1. Read the text and do the tasks after it. The peculiarities of the national Mari cuisine Mari cuisine, like cuisine of any nation, is a constituent part of national culture. The origin of the Mari nation dates back to the 1 century A.D. Under the influence of the historic events the Mari ethnos was divided into three subgroups: Meadow Mari (they live on the left bank of the Volga River), Mountain Mari (they live on the right bank of the Volga River) and Eastern Mari (they live beyond the territory of the Mari Republic). These ethnic groups have distinct differences in language, culture, traditions, as well as in the art of cooking. Since ancient time the Mari people have been busy with hunting, fishing, bee-keeping. So the original feature of the Mari cuisine is a large number of dishes cooked from the “gifts” of nature: mushrooms, berries, honey, herbs, fish, game. They are specific in taste, and are rich in vitamins and minerals. The Mari women widely use various cereals; they are added to soups and are used as stuffing for numerous pies. The Mari people used to grow flax and hemp, oil and seed of which were used in cooking. The favourite bread was baked from hemp flour. Apart from wheat and rye flour, oat and barley flour are often used in bakery. The most important product in the Mari cuisine is potato. It is a must in different sorts of soups, salads, pies. To taste peculiarities of the Mari cuisine we can refer a great deal of dishes with sour or salty taste: sauerkraut, salted mushrooms, pickled cucumbers, beetroot drink (kvas), etc. Herbs and species don’t prevail in the national recipes. Vegetables (onion, carrot, tomato) as a rule are not fried while preparing soups and stuffing for pies. It should be pointed out that the Mari cuisine has much in common with culinary art of the neighbouring peoples, inhabited Central Region of Russia along the Volga River both from the point of view of products and ways of cooking. But in spite of some similarities of several recipes, they differ in this or that way, that gives them unique Mari colour. Take, for instance, “podkogol” – boiled pies. If you take the manner of cooking, they look like meat dumplings or tarts of a large size. But the stuffing is more numerous like pie stuffing. If advantages of a Russian hostess are judged by her ability to bake pies and to cook cabbage soup, a Ukrainian hostess – by making beetroot soup, a Mari woman must cook national pancakes.
Ex. 2. Read the text and do the task after it. The Mari pancakes This dish is cooked for many holidays: Easter, Shrovetide, and Christmas. These pancakes are often called three-storey or three-layer pancakes. The first layer: take 2 glasses of rye/ wheat flour; add 5 eggs, salt to your taste. Prepare tough dough; roll it out into thin pieces. Put each flat cake into a greased frying pan and bake it in the oven for a few minutes. The second layer: take half a glass of sour cream, pour a glass of milk in to it, add 3-4 table spoons of oat-flakes or oatmeal and mix carefully. Put the second layer on the 1-st one and bake again till the brown crust. The third layer: Take a glass of oatmeal; put it into a glass of sour cream for 8-10 hours. Then place it on the second layer and bake again. The three-storeyed pancakes are served hot with butter.
rye, wheat, oats, potatoes; butter, sour cream, grease, oil; bake, fry, roast, roll; sprinkle, whisk, stir, blend; bread, bun, pancake, ice-cream; spoon, frying pan, fork, plate.
An oven – to bake; a stove - …; a fridge - …; a grater - …; a mincer - …; a mixer - …; a blender - …; a knife - …; a saucepan - …; a frying pan - … .
Salty – sweet; tasty - …; underdone - …; fat - …; overweight - …; overeat - …
Take potatoes, wash them, fry them, eat. Have dinner, clear the table, wash up, go for a walk. Cut some bread, slice cheese, put together, and cool in the fridge. Cut the vegetables, mix them in a bowl, add some dressing, and decorate with parsley. Serve the table, place the plates, put the forks, the spoons, the knives, place the glasses, and put a vase with flowers.
Eat pancakes (+ try the national food; - get fat); Eat fast food; drink coffee; cook dinner yourself; buy a dishwasher; use a processor.
I usually eat boiled eggs and a coffee for breakfast. My younger sister has some porridge with butter and sour cream. She also likes yogurt. Mum prefers fruit salad or cottage cheese. Dad likes hamburgers or cheeseburgers. Whose breakfast is healthier? Ex. 3. Read the recipes and try your hand at cooking. “Lake Tair”:
“Meat dumplings” (Podkogoly):
4. Prepared pies boil in salty water. Serve hot with sour cream. Soft drink “Forest aroma”:
Meat balls “Youkso er” 1. Cut meat (preferably pork) into pieces and mince it. 2. Add some salt, pepper to the ground meat to your taste. 3. Whisk an egg with some water. Pour it into the meat. 4. In a bowl mix a piece of white bread with water or milk and add to the meat stuff. 5. Form the meat balls and sprinkle them with flour. 6. Put the frying pan on the stove, heat it, fat the form, place the meat balls into the frying pan. 7. Roast the meat balls till they are light brown. 8. Serve with fresh or prickled vegetables and boiled potatoes. Ex. 4. Render the text in English. Give the text a title. 27 апреля в кафе "Золотой Плёс" в рамках Республиканского фестиваля этнокухни "Калыксий - 2010" состоялась презентация марийской национальной кухни, организованная Республиканским центром марийской культуры при содействии Министерства культуры, печати и по делам национальностей Республики Марий Эл. Почётными гостями вечера марийской кухни стали заместитель Главы Правительства, министр культуры, печати и по делам национальностей Республики Марий Эл Михаил Васютин, председатель Всемарийского Совета - Мер Канаш, депутат Государственной Думы Российской Федерации Лариса Яковлева, руководители федеральных и региональных органов власти, участвующих во II Межрегиональном форуме "Финно-угорский этнокультурный проект: расширение границ". Организаторы мероприятия представили публике праздничные и ежедневные национальные блюда, молочные, ягодные и травяные напитки. Состоялась демонстрация обрядового ритуала "Подготовка теста для проведения праздника". Об особенностях марийской национальной кухни рассказала кандидат медицинских наук, доцент Марийского государственного университета Р. Четкарева. Дегустация блюд марийской кухни сопровождалась выступлениями фольклорных коллективов. Артисты исполнили "Ташлама корка ден куштымаш" ("Танец любви"), "Тулар-тулачын куштымашышт" ("Танец сватов"), "Тошто марий куштымаш" ("Старинный танец") и другие обрядовые танцы. Завершением мероприятия стала весёлая этно-дискотека. Glossary: 1. The Republican Festival of ethnic cuisine – Республиканский фестиваль этнокухни 2. with smb’s assistance – при содействии 3. The Honoured guests – почётные гости 4. Deputy Head of the Government – заместитель Главы Правительства 5. Minister of Culture, Press and National Affairs – министр культуры, печати и по делам национальностей 6. The Chairman – председатель 7. Expansion of Boundaries – расширение границ 8. A ritual – ритуал 9. Dough – тесто 10. Candidate of Medical Science – кандидат медицинских наук 11. Assistant professor – доцент 12. Tasting – дегустация 13. A folk group – фольклорный коллектив 14. Completion / End – завершение Ex. 7. Read and discuss. 1. Express your attitude to the cafes and restaurants of the national cuisine. 2. Comment on the following: “Tell me what you usually eat, and I’ll tell you how long your life will be”, “We are what we eat”, “We eat to live but not live to eat”, “One man’s meat is another man’s poison”. 3. Do you agree with the following? Dinner table is the only place where we are never bored from the very first minute. Don’t put off till supper what you can eat at dinner time” (A.S. Pushkin). An overeater digs out his grave with the help of his own teeth. Cooking is a pleasure, unfortunately a daily one. 4. You have to spend some time on a desert island. You can take your favourite dish with you. What will it be? Explain your choice. Ex. 8. Explore the situation. Try to find the way out. A difficult dilemma Kate Stepanova is the only child in the family. Mum says she is the apple of her eye. Any Kate’s desire is a must for her relatives. Her mum is especially good at coking and she does her best to treat her daughter with something tasty. As a result her “little” 18-year-old daughter is a “bit” overweight – 92 kg. No doubt Kate has a resolute character. Not being able to hear funny nicknames from the girls and indifferent looks of the boys, she makes up her mind to keep to a diet. She started her program 3 months ago and made certain progress. She became slimmer but the health problems began. The doctor told her that her ration was too strict all her illnesses were due to the lack of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Besides she needed fresh air badly. At the family summit it was decided to send the girl to her Granny to the village for popper and quick treatment. When Granny saw her granddaughter, she burst out crying: “Where is my plump rosy-cheeked lively girl? This pale with dark spots under the eyes languid girl isn’t my Kate”. But Kate’s granny was also a woman of character and she decided to improve the situation at once, “First,” - she said, - “you need proper meals. I’ll treat you with our national Mari dishes. They are nourishing and delicious. For breakfast you’ll have pancakes – koman melna. They are prepared from oatmeal, yeast, egg’s yolk. These products are rich in Vitamin B. To get calcium you’ll eat cottage-cheese balls and drink unskimmed milk and yoghurt.” The Granny looked at the girl, signed and continued: “For dinner I’ll cook a famous Mari soup “Liver puree” with melted butter. They will provide you with Vitamin D. The lack of this vitamin causes depression, bad mood, toothache. For the second course I’ll serve potatoes, cabbage, carrots, onions sprinkled with parsley and a piece of pork. This dish is called “The Mari Stew”. These products will supply you with Vitamins A, E, fats and proteins. As for dessert, you’ll have black currant ice-cream. This berry contains vitamin C which will stimulate your appetite.” Granny though a bit and kept on speaking: “For supper I’ll bake your favourite sweet buns to replace your supply of carbohydrates and you’ll drink my famous tea with thyme and chamomile to sleep as much as possible.” Kate was shocked. She couldn’t utter a word. Then the gift of speech came back to her and she pleaded: “Stop, Granny, don’t do that! Or my previous effort will be in vain and all my plans will fail I’ll be fatter than I used to be.” But Granny was inflexible. “Tastes differ,” she says. “The beautiful person should be well-fed and healthy.”
Ex. 9. Render the text in English Толстушка – новая гастрономическая звезда! Культ худобы и стройности захватил весь мир. Античные статуи – это, конечно, прекрасно, но зачем же себя мучить? Специально для тех, кто любит себя таким, как есть, в Йошкар-Оле открылся ресторан «Толстушка». «Перестаньте стесняться своих форм!» - к этому призывает вся атмосфера ресторана. Кто сказал, что объемные люди некрасивы, непластичны, неталантливы? Доказательством обратного служат расторопные полные официанты, пышнотелые танцовщицы, солидного сложения метрдотель. Красный и бежевый цвета, множество портьер, картин и канделябров, оригинальная сервировка – аппетит вызывает уже само оформление зала. Ресторан радушно встречает своих гостей. «Полный понедельник» бесплатно приглашает людей, чьи фигуры никак не влезают в маленькие размеры одежды. В «Зажигательный Вторник» гурманов радуют выступления артистов. В пятницу и субботу – «Шоу толстушек» - восточные, русские, марийские народные танцы. Попробуйте блюда национальной кухни в ресторане! Запеченный гусь, борщ в хлебе, фаршированная щука… и вы не останетесь равнодушными. Ресторан находится по адресу: ул. Вознесенская, 76 Ex. 10. Read the jokes. Retell them to your friends. 1. Mother: I hope you didn’t take a second piece of cake at yesterday’s party? Dick: No, I took two pieces the first time. 2. Mother: I left two pieces of cake in the cupboard this morning, Johnny, and now there is only one piece there. Can you explain this? Johnny: It was so dark, Mamma, I didn’t see the other piece. 3. “Now, Jack dear, if I do all the cooking for a month, what will I get?” “You get my life insurance and your freedom.” 4. “Whisky is your greatest enemy.” “Are we not told to love our enemies?” “Yes, but not to swallow them.” 5. “What is a balanced diet?” “A piece of cake in each hand.” 6. “Your husband is too fond of strong coffee,” said the doctor. “You mustn’t let him have it. He gets too excited.” “But, doctor, you should see how excited he gets when I give him weak coffee.” 7. Nothing makes the taste of home-made dishes better than the price list in the restaurant. 8. The worse the chefs cook, the more polite the waiters should be. Unit 6. Mari national holidays, customs and traditions, myths and legends Ex. 1. Read the text and do the task after it. Mari national holidays |