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Федеральное агентство по образованию Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Читинский государственный университет» (ЧитГУ) Е.С. Эмирзиади A PANORAMIC VIEW OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY Развитие навыков устной речи Учебное пособие для студентов 3 курса специальности 032301.65 - Регионоведение Чита - 2008 УДК 802.0(075) ББКж Ш 13 (англ я 7) ББКм 81.2 Англ я 7 Э 553 Эмирзиади Е.С. A Panoramic view of Geography of the USA: учеб. пособие для студентов 3 курса специальности 032301.65 «Регионоведение» / Е.С. Эмирзиади. – Чита: ЧитГУ, 2008. - 138 с. Ил. - 12 Табл. - 1 Библ. 12 наим. В учебном пособии представлены тематические тексты с упражнениями, предназначенные для развития навыков устной речи по теме Физическая и экономическая география США. . Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов третьего курса специальности 032301.65 - «Регионоведение». Учебное пособие разработано Е.С. Эмирзиади, старшим преподавателем кафедры регионоведения Северной Америки Утверждены и рекомендованы решением методического совета ЧитГУ Ответственный за выпуск: зав. кафедрой регионоведения Северной Америки Т.Б.Макарова Рецензенты: 1. к.филол.н., доцент кафедры английского языка ЗабГГПУ им. Н.Г. Чернышевского Н.А. Маркова; 2. к.филол.н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков ГОУ ВПО ЧГМА Ю.Г. Соловьева © Читинский государственный университет, 2008 © Е.С. Эмирзиади, 2008 A TABLE OF CONTENT Geography as a Science..........................………..……….……............. 5 The Face of the Country ......…………………..….……..……….......... 12 The Rivers and Lakes ...........................………....……………….......... 24 The Climate and Weather ............………………………..……............ 34 The Plant and Animal Life ...………………………………….............. 48 The Mineral Wealth ........................………………….………….......... 57 The Population of the United States ..………………..……….............. 62 United States Parks ... Conservation of Beauty ………..…..…..…....... 72 The Main Economic Regions. The Northeast …....……...……............. 81 The Great Lakes and the South .............………………...……......….... 89 The Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains .......................................... 98 The Pacific Region ................................................................................. 112 SUPPLIMENTORY MATERIAL Farming in the United States................................................................. 120 An Industrial Giant ............................................................................... 123 The American People ............................................................................ 125 Final Test ............................................................................................. 127 American Quilt ..................................................................................... 133 Bibliography…………………………………………………............... 137 Предисловие Учебное пособие разработано в соответствии с программными требованиями к обучению навыкам устной речи и принципами лингвострановедения. Цель данной работы – познакомить студентов с физической географией США, природными ресурсами, этносом страны и экономическими особенностями регионов посредством изучения языковых единиц, являющихся носителями страноведческой информации. Студенты должны свободно ориентироваться по физической карте, знать особенности рельефа, климата, почв и воды, а также животного и растительного мира. В этом им поможет учебное пособие, в котором представлены тексты, освещающие основную тематику курса: Physical features of the United States, Climate and Weather, Rivers and Lakes, the Population of the United States, Mineral Wealth and Economic regions of the United States. Также в учебном пособии дается аутентичный аудиоматериал, способствующий развитию навыков аудирования и самостоятельной работе с дополнительным материалом по темам. Фактический материал, содержащийся в каждом тексте, сопровождается упражнениями, направленными на обработку и закрепление лексических единиц, а также на совершенствование навыков устной речи. Упражнения построены на тематическом материале текстов, основанных, в свою очередь, на оригинальных образцах. Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 3-го курса специальности 032301.65 - Регионоведение, для студентов языковых факультетов вузов, а также для всех тех, кто интересуется вопросами географии США. Geography (from Greek geo, “earth”, graphein, “to write”) is the scientific study of the Earth's surface. The surface of the Earth is the interface of atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It provides the habitat, or environment, in which humans are able to live. This habitable has a number of special characteristics. One of the most important is the complex interaction among many physical, biologic and human elements of the Earth, such as land surface, climate, water, soil, vegetation, agriculture, and urbanization. Another characteristic is the high variability of the environment from place to place - hot tropics to cold polar regions, dry deserts, humid equatorial forests, vast level plains to rugged mountains, and uninhabited ice caps to densely settled metropolitan areas. Yet another is the consistency with which significant patterns occur, which makes possible generalizations about distribution (obvious examples are measurements of temperature and rainfall, which are the most important climatic elements affecting farming and many other human activities). Geography has been called the mother of sciences, evidently because it is one of the oldest subjects of study (the first work to have the word geography as its title appeared in the 3-rd century B. C.) It would be no exaggeration to say that Geography sprang from human curiosity. Human beings are inherently curious. They wonder how other people differ from their own home and folk. The fist recorded knowledge of such differences came in very early history, mainly from the accounts of the travelers. The ancient Greek writer Herodotus was an outstanding early example of one who carefully recorded his personal observation made during many years of extensive travel. Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus, Jacques Cartier, Amerigo Vespucci - those are only a few of the names of discoverers and explorers whose contribution to the study of the globe can never be overestimated. Though once associated entirely with mapping and the exploration of the Earth, the discipline of Geography is today a wide-ranging one and requires geographers to be conversant with the principles of the biological, social, and earth sciences. Thus, Geography is divided into subdisciplines which can be grouped under three main headings: physical geography, human geography, and regional geography, each of them comprising branches too. The principal branches of physical geography are geomorphology, climatology, biogeography, and soil geography. As human activity has become more able to affect the landscape and ecology of the world, two more branches have emerged: resource management and environmental studies. One of the central problems in human geography is to explain the distribution and characteristics of people - this is the province of population geography. But this distribution can be understood only if attention is paid to how people satisfy their needs and make a living, the field of economic geography; to their cultural ad social values, tools, and organization, which are the fields of cultural and social geography; to their concentrations in cities and metropolitan areas, the object of urban geography; to their political organization, examined by political geography; to their health and to the diseases that affect them, the field of medical geography; and to the evolution of their present patterns, the subject of historical geography. Regional geography studies the distinguishing character of regions which may be surface configuration, ice and snow, vegetation, or type of human activity (pastoral, agricultural, industrial or commercial) and which differs from place to place. High altitudes and steep slopes are the distinctive features of the Himalayas or Andes; forests are the features of the Amazon Basin, Siberia, and northern Canada; dryness and scanty vegetation, of the Sahara, the interior of Australia, and central Asia; highly intensive agriculture, of the rice-producing areas of Monsoonal Asia; commercial agriculture and livestock production, of the American Midwest; ice sheets, of Greenland and Antarctica, etc., etc., etc. Geography utilizes a battery of methods and techniques. Particularly important are direct field observations and mapping. Methods of observation have been enhanced by such means as aerial photography and electronic remote sensing from artificial Earth satellites. Statistical methods help in spatial analysis of quantitative data, particularly census and survey data. Maps, however, remain the distinctive tool for the geographer. The discipline of Geography has many uses. It enables individuals to know the basic features of the world in which they live, the great variety of lands and peoples, the complex associations and interrelations of human beings with resources and nature, and the problems faced by inhabitants of other countries and regions. Geographic research provides explanations of the distribution of physical, biological, and human features on Earth and of their interconnection. Applied geographical analysis has proved useful in managing resources, in understanding problems of the environmental pollution or contamination by discharges of urban, agricultural, and industrial wastes. The analysis of unanticipated environmental effects caused by the construction of large dams and reservoirs has been particularly important. Geographers are engaged in planning land use and housing. They are an important resource in national and international agencies that deal with the study, inventory, development, or administration of natural or human resources. (Based on: Geography. From The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume 5 (Macromedia), 1995) Vocabulary interface to spring aerial photography habitat to overestimate remote sensing consistency to enhance spatial analysis conversant to utilize applied analysis interior configuration natural hazards Comprehension Check Exercise I. Scan the text for answers to the following questions:
Vocabulary Study Exercise I. Look up the following words in an English – English dictionary and write out the principal meanings: 1) habitat n; 2) pastoral a; 3) altitude n; 4) slope n; 5) census n; 6) spring v; 7) contamination n. Exercise II. Find in the text the English words and phrases corresponding to the Russian equivalents: 1) переоценивать; 2) хорошо знакомый, сведущий; 3) место распространения; 4) овцеводство; 5) внутренние районы страны; 6) последовательность, постоянство; 7) происходить, возникать; 8) очертания земли; 9) крутые склоны; 10) высоты; 11) аэросъемка; 12) непредвиденные природные явления; 13) пространственный анализ; 14) природные катаклизмы; 15) использовать набор методов; 16) животноводство; 17) скудная растительность. Exercise III. Supply the words or word combinations from the text which correspond to the following: 1) a number of similar articles, items, or devices used together; 2) a plane forming a common boundary between two parts of matter or space; 3) having knowledge or experience; 4) to come into being; 5) to highly judge something with respect to its worth or significance; 6) to make use of something; 7) insufficient amount of plant life or total plant cover; 8) the place or type of site where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives or grows; 9) relating to shepherds or herdsmen and devoted to livestock raising; 10) ground that forms a natural inline characterized by a rapid and intensive increase; 11) to raise, to intensify; 12) a source of danger; 13) a process of polluting; 14) a complete or periodic enumeration of population. Exercise IV. Translate from Russian into English.
The United States of America (the main landmass) is situated in central North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The two newest states, Alaska and Hawaii, are separated from the continental United States: Alaska |
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