Практическое занятие № 1
Graphical user interface
Прочтите вслух следующие слова и словосочетания. Изучите и запомните их значения, обратите внимание на точность их произношения.
way – способ
complex – сложный
aim – цель
procedure – операция
prompt – подсказка, сообщение
emphasis – акцент
to save – экономить
to memorize – запоминать
to appear – появляться
to facilitate – облегчать, содействовать
advantage – преимущество
routine – стандартная программа
pop-up – выпадающий
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creation – создание
consistency – слаженность, последовательность
attractive – привлекательный
impact – влияние
similar – подобный
to design – разрабатывать
developer – разработчик
innovative – передовой
folder – папка, директория
desktop – рабочий стол
to launch – запускать
to drag – перетаскивать
successful – успешный
extremely – чрезвычайно, очень
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2. Прочтите и переведите письменно текст «Graphical user interface» на русский язык.
«Graphical user interface»
The term user interface refers to the standard procedures the user follows to interact with a particular computer. A few years ago, the way in which users had access to a computer system was quite complex. They had to memorize and type a lot of commands just to see the content of a disk, to copy files or to respond to a single prompt. In fact, only experts used computers, so there was no need for a user-friendly interface. Now, however, computers are used by all kinds of people and as a result there is a growing emphasis on the user interface.
A good user interface is important because when you buy a program you want to use it easily. Moreover, a graphical user interface saves a lot of time you don't need to memorize commands in order to execute an application; you only have to point and click so that its content appears on the screen.
Macintosh computers with a user interface based on graphics were designed with a single clear aim: to facilitate interaction with the computer. Their interface is called WIMP: Window, Icon, Menu (or Mouse) and Pointer and software products for the Macintosh have been designed to take full advantage of its features using this interface. In addition, the ROM chips of a Macintosh contain libraries that provide program developers with routines for generating windows, dialog boxes, icons and pop-up menus. This ensures the creation of applications with a high level of consistency.
Today, the most innovative GUIs are the Macintosh, Microsoft Windows and IBM OS/2 Warp. These three platforms include similar features: a desktop with icons, windows and folders, a printer selector, a file finder, a control panel and various desk accessories. Double-clicking a folder opens a window which contains programs, documents or further nested folders. At any time within a folder, you can launch the desired program or document by double-clicking the icon or you can drag it to another location. The three platforms differ in other areas such as device installation, network connectivity or compatibility with application programs.
These interfaces have been so successful because they are extremely easy to use. It is well so known that computers running under an attractive interface stimulate users to be more creative and produce high quality results, which has a major impact on the general public.
3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
What does the abbreviation “GUI” stand for?
What is the contribution of Macintosh computers to the development of graphic environments?
What does the acronym 'WIMP' mean?
How do you run a program on a computer with a graphical interface?
Can you give two reasons for the importance of user-friendly interfaces?
4. Выберите утверждения, соответствующие содержанию прочитанного текста.
A good user interface is important because when you buy a program you want to use it easily.
Today, the most innovative GUIs are the Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, MS-DOS and IBM OS/2 Warp.
A few years ago, the way in which users had access to a computer system was quite easy.
Computers are used by all kinds of people and as a result there is a growing emphasis on the user interface.
The three platforms differ in other areas such as device installation, network connectivity or compatibility with application programs.
5. Передайте устно на английском языке основное содержание текста «Graphical user interface».
6. Подберите русские эквиваленты английских терминов.
to facilitate interaction; to take advantage of; dialog boxes; pop-up menus; high level of consistency; similar features; control panel; various desk accessories; nested folders; to launch the desired program; device installation; high quality results; standard procedures; content of a disk; user-friendly interface; to execute an application; major impact; general public.
Дополните предложения, подобрав соответствующее окончание в правой колонке.
1. Only experts used computers, …
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a)… Window, Icon, Menu (or Mouse) and Pointer.
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2. A graphical user interface saves a lot of time …
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b) … so there was no need for a user-friendly interface.
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3. Macintosh computers with a user interface based on graphics were designed with a single clear aim: …
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c) … you don't need to memorize commands in order to execute an application
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4. The term user interface refers to the standard procedures …
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d) … to facilitate interaction with the computer.
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5. Their interface is called WIMP: …
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e) .… the user follows to interact with a particular computer.
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Переведите устно следующие термины и терминологические словосочетания с русского языка на английский.
панель управления; удобный для пользователя (дружественный) интерфейс; запоминать команды; стандартные операции; облегчить взаимодействие; выпадающее меню; графический интерфейс пользователя; использовать что-л. в своих интересах; диалоговое окно; стандартная программа; общественность.
Практическое занятие № 2
Word-processing facilities
Прочтите вслух следующие слова и словосочетания. Изучите и запомните их значения, обратите внимание на точность их произношения.
to alleviate – облегчать
tedium – скука, рутина
proofing – корректирование
to recall – отменять, возвращать
readily – быстро
from scratch – с начала
initially – в начальной стадии, в начале
feature – функция,
Search – поиск
Replace – возврат
particular – особый, определенный
space – интервал, пробел
return – возврат
bold – жирный шрифт
italic – курсивный шрифт
underline – подчеркнутый
typeface – гарнитура (шрифта)
accurately – точно, безошибочно, аккуратно
to reduce – снижать
to approach – приближаться
capability – способность, возможность
desktop publishing – настольные издательские средства, НИС
hyphenation – расстановка переносов
mail merging – функция подготовки стандартных писем
margin – поле
indent – отступ
sub-scripted character – подстрочный индекс
splitting – разделение
designated – обозначенный
to substitute – заменять
sophisticated – сложный
comprehensive – всеобъемлющий, комплексный
table – таблица
2. Прочтите и переведите письменно текст «Word-processing facilities» на русский язык.
«Word-processing facilities»
Writing letters, memos or reports are the ways most people use computers. They manipulate words and text on a screen, primarily to print at some later time and store for safe keeping. Computers alleviate much of the tedium associated with typing, proofing and manipulating words. Because computers can store and recall information so readily, documents need not be retyped from scratch just to make corrections or changes. The real strength of word processing lies in this ability to store, retrieve and change information. Typing is still necessary (at least, for now) to put the information into the computer initially, but once in, the need to retype only applies to new information.
Word processing is more than just typing, however. Features such as Search and Replace allow users to find a particular phrase or word no matter where it is in a body of text. This becomes more useful as the amount of text grows.
Word processors usually include different ways to view the text. Some include a view that displays the text with editor's marks that show hidden characters or commands (spaces, returns, paragraph endings, applied styles, etc.). Many word processors include the ability to show exactly how the text will appear on paper when printed. This is called WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get, pronounced 'wizzy-wig'). WYSIWYG shows bold, italic, underline and other type style characteristics on the screen so that the user can clearly see what he or she is typing. Another feature is the correct display of different typefaces and format characteristics (margins, indents, super- and sub-scripted characters, etc.). This allows the user to plan the document more accurately and reduces the frustration of printing something that doesn't look right.
Many word processors now have so many features that they approach the capabilities of layout applications for desktop publishing. They can import graphics, format multiple columns of text, run text around graphics, etc.
Two important features offered by word processors are automatic hyphenation and mail merging. Automatic hyphenation is the splitting of a word between two lines so that the text will fit better on the page. The word processor constantly monitors words typed and when it reaches the end of a line, if a word is too long to fit, it checks that word in a hyphenation dictionary. This dictionary contains a list of words with the preferred places to split it. If one of these cases fits part of the word at the end of the line, the word processor splits the word, adds a hyphen at the end and places the rest on the next line. This happens extremely fast and gives text a more polished and professional look.
Mail merge applications are largely responsible for the explosion of 'personalized' mail. Form letters with designated spaces for names and addresses are stored as documents with links to lists of names and addresses of potential buyers or clients. By designating what information goes into which blank space, a computer can process a huge amount of correspondence substituting the 'personal' information into a form letter. The final document appears to be typed specifically to the person addressed.
Many word processors can also generate tables of numbers or figures, sophisticated indexes and comprehensive tables of contents.
3. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.
What is a word processor?
What makes processors superior to traditional typewriters?
What are the most important features offered by word processor?
What is WYSIWYG?
What is mail merging?
4. Выберите утверждения, соответствующие содержанию прочитанного текста.
It is impossible to show exactly how the text will appear on paper when printed.
Many word processors cannot generate tables of numbers or figures, sophisticated indexes and comprehensive tables of contents.
Mail merging is the splitting of a word between two lines so that the text will fit better on the page.
Two important features offered by word processors are automatic hyphenation and mail merging.
Many word processors can import graphics, format multiple columns of text, run text around graphics, etc.
5. Передайте устно на английском языке основное содержание текста «Word processing facilities».
6. Подберите русские эквиваленты английских терминов.
to retype from scratch; to run text around graphics; hidden characters; mail merging; different typefaces; tables of numbers or figures; to add a hyphen; super- and sub-scripted characters; desktop publishing; to format multiple columns of text; typeface of a character; automatic hyphenation; mail merging; a list of words; form letter; sophisticated indexes.
7. Дополните предложения, подобрав соответствующее окончание в правой колонке.
1. Documents need not be retyped from scratch just to make corrections or changes …
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a) … primarily to print at some later time and store for safe keeping.
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2. They manipulate words and text on a screen, …
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b) … so that the user can clearly see what he or she is typing.
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3. WYSIWYG shows bold, italic, underline and other type style characteristics on the screen …
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c) …because computers can store and recall information.
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4. Typing is still necessary to put the information into the computer initially, …
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d) … margins, indents, super- and sub-scripted characters, etc.
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5. Another feature is the correct display of different typefaces and format characteristics such as …
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e) … the need to retype only applies to new information.
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