Industry and Agriculture of the uk
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| Module 1 Industry and Agriculture of the UK Read and translate the text. In the past English industrial prosperity rested on a few important products, such as textiles, coal and heavy machinery. Now the UK has a great variety of industries, for example heavy and light industry, chemical, aircraft, electrical, automobile and many other industries. The United Kingdom is considered one of the world's major manufacturing nations. Now high technology industries are more developed than heavy engineering. Heavy engineering and other traditional industries have experienced a certain decline. Certain areas are traditionally noted for various types of industries. For instance, Newcastle is famous for coal industry, the county of Lancashire for its textile industry. The Midlands or the central counties of England are famous for the production of machinery, coal, motor cars and chemicals. In recent times regional industrial distinctions have become less clear as more and more new factories are built in the different parts of the country. Speaking about the cities of the United Kingdom the first mention should be made of London, the capital of the UK. It is a big port on the River Thames, a major commercial, industrial centre. Leeds is a centre of clothing industry producing woolen articles, Glasgow is a major port on the River Clyde where shipbuilding industry is developed. Liverpool on the River Mersey is a flour milling and engineering centre. Birmingham is an iron and steel centre. Manchester is famous for textiles manufacturing. Three-quarters of the United Kingdom's land is dedicated to agriculture. About two per cent of the population of the United Kingdom are engaged in agriculture, but the yields of English farms and pastures are very high. Wheat, barley, oats and potatoes are the most important crops grown. Sheep, cattle and pigs are the most numerous types of livestock. Sheep is a source of both wool for textile industry and mutton for food industry. Mutton is the best liked English meat. Vocabulary
syn. for instance
2) авиационный
should be made of следует упомянуть о
to smth. чему-либо
to agriculture сельскому хозяйству
76. yields сбор плодов, урожай
pl. potatoes (мн.ч.картофель)
92. meat мясо Ex. 1 Answer the following questions. 1. What industries were developed in England in the past? 2. What industries are developed in the UK at present? 3. Are high technology industries now developed more than heavy engineering? 4. How much land is dedicated to agriculture? 5. How many people are engaged in agriculture? 6. What are the most popular crops in the UK? 7. What are the most popular types of livestock in the UK? Ex. 2 Give the English equivalent. 1.текстильная промышленность 2.угольная промышленность 3.химическая промышленность 4.электротехническая промышленность 5.авиационная промышленность 6.швейная промышленность 7.легкая промышленность 8.тяжелая промышленность 9.аэрокосмическая промышленность Ex. 3 Match the geographical names and industries.
Module 2 Economy of the USA Read and translate the text. The United States of America is a highly developed industrialized country. Shipbuilding, electronics, automobile industry, aircraft industry, space research are highly developed in the States. Each region of the United States has characteristics of its, own due to the differences in climate, landscape and geographical position. Great Lakes, Atlantic Coast, Pennsylvania, New Jersey are biggest industrial regions of the country. The United States has a lot of mineral resources such as coal, gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc. The south, especially Texas is rich in oil. The coalfields of Pennsylvania are rich in coal. There are plenty of coal mines. Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska is the richest farming region of America and it is known as the Corn Belt. The land is fertile and well watered. They grow mostly corn and wheat there. Much livestock is also raised here. There is a lot of fruit raising area. For example, California oranges, grapefruit, lemons, as well as other fruits, wines and vegetables are shipped all over the States and to other parts of the world. The most important crops grown in the States are also tobacco, soy-beans, peanuts, grapes and many others. There are a lot of large and modern cities, but a great proportion of the country consists of open land dotted with farmhouses and small towns. The usual average town, in any part of the United States, has its Main Street with the same types of stores selling the same products. Many American residential areas tend to have a similar look. As to big cities their centres or downtowns look very much alike. Downtown is the cluster of skyscrapers imitations of New York giants. New York City is the first biggest city of the States. Its population is more than eight million people. It is a financial and advertising business centre. It is also a biggest seaport of the Hudson River. Industry of consumer goods is also developed here. Chicago with a population of more than three and a half million is the second largest city in the USA. It deals in wheat and other grains, cattle meat processing and manufacturing. Other big cities are Houston, an oil refining and NASA* space research centre, New Orleans**, a cotton industry centre, Los Angeles with Hollywood, Philadelphia, a shipping commercial centre, Detroit, a world's leading motor car producer and many others. * NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration – Национальное управление по аэронавтике и исследованиям космического пространства ** Recently, New Orleans has suffered from a natural disaster – недавно Новый Орлеан пострадал от стихийного бедствия Vocabulary 1. space космос, пространство 2. research исследование 3. space research космические исследования 4. due to вследствие, из-за 5. climate климат 6. landscape ландшафт 7. coast берег 8. Atlantic coast Атлантическое побережье 9. mineral resources полезныe ископаемыe 10. gold золото 11. silver серебро 12. copper медь 13. lead свинец 14. zinc цинк 15. rich богатый 16. to be rich in smth быть богатым чем-либо 17. plenty of много syn. much, many, a lot of 18. mine шахта, рудник 19. to mine добывать (руду и т.п.) 20. mining industry горнодобывающая промышленность 21. corn кукуруза 22. pop-corn поп-корн 23. belt пояс 24. the Corn Belt «Кукурузный пояс» 25. fertile плодородный, изобильный 26. fertility плодородие, изобилие 27. to water снабжать влагой, поливать 28. water вода 29. well -watered хорошо орошаемый 30. to raise выращивать 31. to raise livestock выращивать домашний скот 32. vegetable овощ; растительный 33. to ship отправлять, отгружать 34. to dot усеивать 35. to be dotted with… быть усеянным 36. average средний, среднее число 37. to average составлять среднее число 38. at an average в среднем 39. store = shop магазин 40. to tend иметь тенденцию, 41. downtown деловая часть города 42. to look alike выглядеть одинаково 43. cluster скопление, концентрация 44. skyscraper небоскреб 45. giant гигант 46. to advertise рекламировать 47. advertisement реклама 48. consumer goods потребительские товары 49. to deal in smth иметь дело с чем-либо, заниматься (чем-либо) 50. to deal with smb иметь дело с кем-либо 51.processing переработка 52. meat processing переработка мяса 53. to process перерабатывать 54. process процесс 55. to refine очищать, рафинировать 56. oil refining centre нефтеперерабатывающий центр 57. refinery очистительный завод 58. refinement очищение, рафинирование Ex. 1 Choose the correct word from those given in the brackets. 1. These industries are (highly, high) developed in the States.
Ex.2 Find the English equivalents in the text.
Ex.3 Match the cities and their main characteristics.
Module 3 The United States of America (the USA) Read and translate the text. The United States of America, or the USA, the US, the States, or America, is one of the biggest countries in the world. Its area is 9.363,123 square kilometers. It occupies most of North America. The mainland stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The Great Lakes are: the Ontario Lake, the Erie Lake, the Michigan Lake, the Huron Lake, the Superior Lake. The main rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Snake, the Platte, and the Hudson. In the north the States have a common border with Canada. In the south it borders on Mexico. The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of fifty states and the District of Columbia. The latter is a part of Washington and it is a federal area governed by Congress. The District of Columbia is not a part of any state. It is interesting to note that Washington, the capital of the USA, consists of three parts: the District of Columbia, a part of the state of Maryland and a part of the state of Virginia. Besides do not mix up the capital of Washington and the state of Washington which is located in the north-west of the country. The union was formed in 1787 when the original thirteen states being the Thirteen Colonies along the Atlantic Seaboard, united. The last two states to be admitted to the union were Alaska and Hawaii. Here is the list of 50 states of America and their capitals:
Vocabulary 1. to occupy занимать 2. mainland материк 3. to stretch простираться 4. lake озеро 5. the Great Lakes Великие озера 6. gulf залив 7. the Gulf of Mexico Мексиканский залив 8. common общий 9. common market общий рынок 10. border граница 11. to border on граничить 12. district округ, район, участок 13. the District of Columbia округ Колумбия 14. the latter последний (из вышеназванных) 15. to govern управлять 16. government правительство 17. to mix up спутать, перепутать 18. seaboard побережье 19. to admit принимать Ex. 1 Find the answers to the following questions in the text.
Ex. 2 Make up questions for these answers. 1. Its area is 9.363, 123 square kilo meters. 2. The main rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Snake, the Platte, the Hudson. 3. The USA is a federal republic consisting of fifty states and the District of Columbia. Ex. 3 Insert the correct prepositions.
6. The District of Columbia is governed... Congress. 7. It is located ...the north of the States. 8. The USA borders... Mexico. 9. The first mention should be made... this centre. Module 4 Business Hours Read and translate the text. The standard working day in the United Kingdom and the USA starts at 9:00 a. m. and lasts till 5:00 p. m. with lunch time from 1:00 p. m. to 2:00 p. m. Many banks are usually open for customers from 9:30 a. m. to 3:30 p. m. Some businesses and industries traditionally work different hours. Most employees have a five-day working week, Monday through Friday. The working week is between 35 and 40 hours long. Overtime is quite common and is generally paid, often at a premium to the basic rate of pay. The weekend usually starts on Friday night and lasts till Monday. Thus on Saturdays and Sundays most businesses are closed. But as to shops they are open on Saturdays and some of them are open on Sundays. In Britain the law does not say what shops can be open on Sundays but it says what goods can be sold on Sundays. They are newspapers, magazines and fresh food. If the law is broken, criminal proceedings may be taken. Many officials and the public demand that the Sunday trading rules should be abolished in the UK. Most businesses are closed on public or national holidays The main public holidays of the UK are as follows: New Year's Day 1 January Good Friday in April Easter in April Easter Monday in April May Day in May Christmas Day 25 December Boxing Day 26 December In the United States the following main holidays are celebrated: New Year's Day 1 January Washington's Birthday 20 February Easter in April Memorial Day in May Independence Day 4 July Labour Day in September Veterans' Day in November Thanksgiving Day in November Christmas Day 25 December All the main public or national holidays in the US and UK are bank holidays, which means that banks are closed on those days. Besides there are some other bank holidays, when banks and many other businesses are closed. The bank holidays besides public or national holidays are:
(Bank) Holiday in May or June
It dates back to the nineteenth century when by the Bank Holiday Act and a Supplementary Act these days were constituted as bank holidays in the UK. Vocabulary 1. to last продолжаться 2. customer клиент 3. to employ нанимать 4. employer наниматель 5. employee служащий 6. overtime сверхурочное время 7. to work overtime работать сверхурочно 8. to pay платить, оплачивать 9. to pay overtime оплатить сверхурочное время 10. to break (broke, broken) ломать, нарушать 11. law закон, правило, право 12. to break the law нарушать закон 13. criminal proceedings судебное разбирательство 14. to take criminal начать судебное proceedings расследование 15. to abolish отменять, упразднять 16. Easter Пасха 17. to celebrate праздновать 18. independence независимость 19. Thanksgiving (Day) День Благодарения 20. to date back to... восходить (к …) 22. century век 23. act акт, постановление 24. to act действовать 25. supplement дополнение 26. supplementary дополнительный 27. Supplementary Act дополнение к акту, закону Ex. 1 Translate the sentences where the verbs are used in the Passive Voice.
Ex. 2 Find the answers to the following questions in the text. 1. When does the standard working day start and finish in the UK and the USA? 2. How long is the working week there? 3. Is overtime allowed and paid? 4. What are the usual working days? 5. What is a week-end? 6. What days are shops open in those two countries? 7. What goods can be sold on Sundays in the UK? 8. How do Englishmen treat the Sunday trading rules? Ex. 3 Make up questions for these answers. 1. Oh, no. Most businesses are closed on these days. 2. Yes. All main national holidays are bank holidays. 3. Yes. Banks and businesses are closed on these days. 4. They were constituted as bank holidays in the 19 th century. Module 5 Types of Businesses in the UK Read and translate the text.   Private sector economy consists only of organizations which operate in one of the following ways:
The sole trader is the oldest form of business. There are many one-man owners, for example: a farmer, doctor, solicitor, estate agent, garage man, jobber, builder, hairdresser etc. The |
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