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KEY STRUCTURES AND WORD STUDYEx 4. Make up five groups of three words associated in meaning or area of usage:
Ex 5. In (a) find words in the text opposite in meaning to the following. In (b) replace the words in bold type by their opposites. Make all necessary changes. Translate the sentences. (a) small, modern, many, noisy, full, short, ugly, rich, big, wide, good, dry, clean, light. (b) 1. The bottle is less than half full. 2. Turn down the radio, please. It's too loud. 3. The area is rich in minerals. 4. The weather was damp and cold. 5. The sun was up. It was light. 6. The bag was full and very heavy. 7. Every time he tells the same story. 8. The girl wants a shorter dress. 9. Old cities usually have narrow streets. 10. The film is too long. 11. That's a bad joke! 12. The country has a dry climate. 13. She likes this sort of heavy humour. 14. My friend lives in a noisy street. 15. The traffic is not so heavy in the morning as in the afternoon. Ex 6. Compare the meanings of the words in bold type. 1. (I) This is a new building, (II) This is a modern building. 2. (I) The painter was a big man. (II) The painter was a great man. 3. (I) He is a new writer, (II) He is a modern writer. 4. (I) It was a damp day. (II) It was a wet day. 5. (I) This is fine silk. (II) This is beautiful silk. 6. (I) The girl was quiet, (II) The girl was silent. Ex 7. In the following pairs of sentences, bring out the difference in meaning* between the words in bold type. 1. (i) There's heavy traffic in the dock area. (ii) He speaks with a heavy accent. 2. (i) These are all empty boxes. (ii) These are all empty words. 3. (i) It was a dark morning. (ii) It was a dark secret. 4. (i) There is a wide avenue across the city. (ii) There is a wide difference between these two ideas. 5. (i) It was a quiet colour. (ii) He was a quiet child. 6. (i) Long hair is no longer fashionable. (ii) Her sister was ill for a long time. 7. (i) This is a big place you have here. (ii) "Love" is a big word. 8. (i) The bag is light. (ii) The colour is light. 9. (i) This is dry wood. (ii) This is a dry subject. 10. (i) The tree is still green. (ii) The boy is still green. 11. (i) The house is damp. (ii) The climate is damp. 12. (i) It is a fine morning. (ii) This is a fine museum. Ex 8. The words below are names of parts of the body. Complete the sentences, by one of the words (used as a noun) and translate them into Russian. ear (2), heart (2), hand, face, eye, head, foot, mouth, body 1. Moscow is the — of the Soviet Union. The — of Moscow is the Kremlin. 2. This year the camp is situated at the — of a hill. 3. The child has a good — for music. 4. The painter is very famous. He has a wonderful — for colour. 5. The boy has a very good — for foreign languages. 6. They have some very nice watches in that shop, quite modern, too, with square — and three —, one for the hours, another for the minutes, and still another for the seconds. 7. Father's seat was at the — of the table. 8. A legislative — is a group of persons who make laws. 9. London lies in the — of the Thames. Ex 9. Compare the meaning of the following words with the words of the same root in Russian. office, financial, business, hotel, museum, gallery, class, modern, contrast, official, mile, figurative, professional, broker, commercial, firm, company, residence Ex 10. Translate the following sentences. Note the pattern.
1. В 2000-м году население Советского Союза будет более 270 000 000. 2. Ежегодно сотни москвичей получают квартиры. 3. В Большом Лондоне более семи миллионов жителей. 4. В субботу и воскресенье Лондон пустеет. Сотни лондонцев выезжают за город. 5. Днём улицы любой столицы мира заполнены тысячами машин. 6. В Венгрии одно большое озеро. Это—Балатон. А в Финляндии десятки больших и сотни малых озер. Ех 11. Answer the following questions, using 'both' and 'all' according to the model. Model: 1. Which of these two exercises is difficult? (a) They are both difficult. (b) Both of them are difficult. 2. Where are the government offices in London? (a) They are all in Whitehall. (b) All of them are in Whitehall. (A) 1. Which of his brothers is a worker? 2. Are the students in your group Russian? 3. Where are your English books? 4. Are these two stamps English? 5. What are your parents? 6. Where are the children? 7. Are Rooms 30 and 32 on the left-hand side of the corridor? 8. Are the new hotels in Moscow big? (B) 1. What cities are Gorky and Saratov? Are they on the Volga? 2. Are Sochi and Gagri on the Black Sea? 3. Where are the theatres situated in London? 4. Are the Stock Exchange, the Royal Exchange and the Bank of England in the City? 5. Are Cambridge and Oxford University towns? Ex 12. Fill in the blanks with 'it' or 'there' according to the sense. 1. The Lake District in England is called so, because— are really a lot of lakes there. — is a very beautiful part of the country. At the beginning of the 19th century — was a group of poets who lived in this district. They were known as Lake Poets. 2. Prince Edward Island is the smallest province in Canada, both in territory and population. In fact, — is like one large, well-kept farm. — is no place more than a few miles from the coast. — is a very quiet island. — is almost like being in another world. — is no heavy industry on the island. Its main industry is agriculture. Yet — is a historical place for — is the birthplace of Canada. Ex 13. Add the correct form of 'there is', or 'it is' to the following. 1. — a beautiful cathedral in this place before the war. 2. — a short way from here to the station? 3. — a shorter way to the station if you are in a hurry. 4. — a pity that you won't be at the party. 5. — a woman standing here a minute ago. 6. — a fact that he is a clever man. 7. — no time for tea if we are in a hurry. 8. — time to go to bed. 9. — no place like home. 10. — a problem to get to Oxford from London? — no problem at all. You can get there either by boat or by bus. 11. — one empty seat in the plane when 1 arrived. 12. — a beautiful park here in a couple of years. 13. Don't you think—time for another cigarette? 14. — a place I know where you can have good coffee. 15. — a crossing here? Ex 14. Study the following phrases. Recall the sentences in which they are used in the text. Use them in sentences of your own. one of the cities; in the world; on both sides of the river; across the river; in fact; during the day; at night; a street with shops; a district of docks; in the City (this part of the town, the West End, the East End); lots of houses; full of contrasts; a city of contrasts Ex 15. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs. Retell the passages. (A) 1. The full name—the Soviet Union is the Union—Soviet Socialist Republics. Moscow, its capital, is one — the largest cities — "the world. It is situated — both sides — the Moskva. There are ten bridges — the Moskva river. — fact, there are twelve, but two — them are for underground-trains. 2. — the heart — England, about 112 miles north west — London, is Birmingham, a city — over a million inhabitants. The district around Birmingham is a district — factories and mines. The nearest port is Liverpool—the mouth—the river Mersey—the Irish Sea. 3. One—the towns, right—the centre—England is Stratford, Shakespeare's birthplace. — the bank — the river Avon there is a monument to Shakespeare. Not far — it is Shakespeare's house; a small house — small rooms, and a small garden. Now Stratford is a busy town — streets full — people and cars. 4. The streets — the West End — London are all famous — something: Piccadilly — its clubs, Harley Street — its doctors, Charing Cross Road — its bookshops. 5. If the City is a busy place — the day and a quiet place — night, Soho (— the heart — the West End) which is famous — its French, Italian and Swedish restaurants, is a busy place — night, but quiet — the day. (B) Scotland is — the north — the British Isles. It is — the north — England. Scotland is a country — its own traditions, traditions which are alive even now and are rare — the modern world. Scotland is part — Britain, but Scotland is not England. It differs — England — many ways. Scotland has her own administration of government* which is centred—Edinburgh. She has her own national heroes, a national dress, the kilt** (which is, strictly speaking, only — men); her own typical instrument, the pipes*** (or the bagpipes); her own national country dances and songs (some — which are very popular — England, too); her poetry (some — which is famous — the English-speaking world). In short: Scotland is not England. Ex 16. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian. several (2), different, difference (4), differ, damp (2), famous (3), full, empty (2), quiet, modern 1. Charles Dickens is a — 19th century English writer. He is— for his novels about working-class England. 2. There are—paintings by Rembrandt in the Hermitage, the world — museum in Leningrad. 3. The Rossiya hotel in Moscow is an interesting example of — architecture. 4. In the words of the great American writer Mark Twain the — between the right word and the almost right word is the — between lightning and the lightning bug.**** 5. The family was out of town, and the | house stood —. 6. The play is — of humour. 7. You really mustn't smoke on an — stomach. 8. The woman's clothes were — with the rain. 9. There were — people at the bus-stop. 10. There is a world of — between "few" and "a few", "little" and "a little". 11. October weather is — and foggy. 12. In contrast to his brother who is a noisy sort of man, he is very —. 13. The sisters — from one another in the colour of their eyes. 14. In fact there is no — in meaning between "have something" and "have got something". 15. Three — persons told me the same story. Ex 17. Replace the Russian words and phrases by suitable English equivalents. Retell the passage. I was born in a small town in the north of England. There is a big castle in the centre of the town and (несколько) fine old churches. Here most of the streets are dark and (узкие); the houses are on both sides of the streets and they are not much (отличаются от) each other. In the suburbs the houses are bigger and newer, with (всеми удобствами), and the streets are (шире). There are three cinemas in the town. One of them is not far from our house. I usually go there once a week; but when the film is good we all go to the cinema together. Before the war we still had trams, but now we only have buses. The town itself is а (тихое) place now, with very few people in the streets during the day and very (небольшое уличное движение). But there was a time (несколько) hundred years ago when the town was quite (знаменитым). (Действительно) it has a long and interesting history. The country around it is very beautiful. There is a river nearby where one can bathe, or fish. There are two bridges (через) the river. On the other side of the river there are some low, green hills. Ex 18. Test translation. (A) 1. Столица Советского Союза — Москва. Она расположена по обеим сторонам Москвы-реки. Москва — большой промышленный город со множеством фабрик и заводов. Это также порт пяти морей. Москва является культурным центром страны. Здесь много музеев, картинных галерей, театров и кино. Библиотека имени В. И. Ленина — одна из самых крупных библиотек мира и самая большая библиотека в Советском Союзе. Она находится в самом центре Москвы, недалеко от Кремля. 2. Москва — очень старый город; ей более 800 лет, но это также и молодой город с новыми проспектами, красивыми площадями и парками. Новые районы города отличаются от старых. Улицы в новых районах широкие, с высокими домами по обеим сторонам. Здесь нет ни фабрик, ни заводов. Здесь много солнца и воздуха. В жилых домах все удобства. В Москве живет более 8 млн. человек. (В) 1. Какая самая красивая улица Москвы? 2. Сколько мостов через Москва-реку? 3. Где самый большой стадион в Москве? Как он называется? 4. Чем отличаются новые районы Москвы от старых? 5. Как сейчас выглядят Ленинские горы? 6. Где самое большое уличное движение в Москве? 7. Чем славится Красная площадь? 8. Как полностью называется Советский Союз? 9. Каково население Советского Союза? GRAMMARThere is ... There are ... . Be. Have. Ex 19. Study the following charts.
(B) With Uncountable Nouns
Ex 20. Use the correct form of the verb 'be'. 1. The hour was late, there—no taxis. 2. There—a lot of students at our Institute now, there — more next year. 3. — there no talk about it at supper? 4. — there time to do this work tomorrow? 5. There — a lot of people at the meeting tomorrow. 6. There — little snow in this part of the country last year. 7. There — only a few new houses here some years ago. 8. The street was very noisy when there — a bus line here. 9. There — a lot of coal in the Donbas. 10. There — a lot of fruit in our garden next summer. Ex 21. Make up sentences of your own according to the patterns in the above charts. 1. a beautiful picture; on the wall. 2. a lot of children; in the garden. 3. any factories; in this town; before the revolution? 4. a few English books; in my library. 5. a rich library; at our institute. 6. one thousand words; in this dictionary. 7. any water; in the glass? 8. time; for this work; tomorrow. 9. how many parts; in this book? 10. a picture of London and two maps; on the wall. 11. a lot of fruit; in Bulgaria. 12. traffic lights; at every corner in this city. 13. any gold; in this part of the country? 14. no guests; in the house; last Sunday. 15. milk; a little; in the bottle. 16. much money; not; in my pocket; when I was a student. 17. how many; films; at the festival; of the Moscow Studio? 18. heavy traffic; in the centre of the city. Ex 22. Replace the Russian words by suitable English equivalents. 1. He takes (мало) sugar in his tea. 2. There is (немного) sugar in the sugar-bowl. 3. She has (немного) books on this subject in her library. 4. There are (много) interesting books in my bookcase. 5. There are (совсем нет) factories in this town. 6. There is (сколько-то) bread in the house. 7. There is (немногo) butter in the butter-dish. 8. I had (мало) money on me at the moment. 9. You won't get (много) advice from him. He is too young. 10. Is there (какая-нибудь) river in those parts? 11. Give me (какую-нибудь) book on the Economy of this country. 12. There is (большое) traffic in this part of the city. 13. There is (много) fruit in the Caucasus. 14. Did you get (сколько-нибудь) information from this book? Ex 23. Express the opposite idea. 1. There are few government offices in this part of the town. 2. There is only one bridge across the river in this place. 3. When I was there last, there were no houses on the left side of the street. 4. There isn't any sugar in my tea. 5. We had a fine spring, there will be a lot of apples this year. 6. There is some writing paper on the desk. 7. There was no time to visit the museum. 8. There are several bookshops in this street. Ex 24. Complete the following, using “ there is ...”, “ there are ..”'. Use “a lot of”, “much”, “many”, “few”, “a few”, “little”, “any”, “no” where necessary. 1. This is the older part of the city (historical places). 2. Moscow is a very big city (more than 5,000 streets, avenues, and squares). 3. The theatre is not far from here (still a shorter way across the square). 4. This sidestreet is very quiet (traffic). 5. The film was interesting to me (people who did not like it). 6. It's very late (time to go there on foot). 7. The sky is dark (a heavy rain in a few minutes). 8. The lecturer was a very interesting man (questions when the lecture was over). 9. I am sorry we are late. (another train for at least two hours). 10. Nobody is at home (light in the windows). 11. Don't leave yet (supper soon). 12. We'll have a hard time this spring (examinations). 13. I have an invitation to the party (interesting people). Ex 25. Change the following sentences, using 'there is ...', 'there are ...'. 1. We have about 5,000 male and female names in the list of Russian names, but not all of them are popular today. 2. The Rossiya Hotel is the biggest in the USSR and in Europe. It has 3,071 rooms and may have 5,374 guests. 3. Moscow has 28 markets and soon it will have another two. 4. "Have you tram-lines in Moscow?" "Yes, we have, but not many." 5. They still had several empty seats in the plane when we arrived at the airport. 6. They have a very good dance band in that restaurant. 7. Hurry up. We have no time for tea. 8. Some five years ago they had no metro in their town. Now they have several lines and no transport problems. 9. We shall have a heavy rain in a moment, I think. 10. They had no railway in that part of Siberia for a long time. 11. They will have a good film on at our local cinema tomorrow. 12. How many students have you got in your class? Ex 26. Translate the following sentences into English, using 'there is ..., there are ...'. (A) 1. В Лондоне много театров. Все они в Уэст-Энде. 2. В Сити нет жилых домов. 3. Днем на улицах Сити очень много народа, а ночью улицы пустые. 4. На Оксфорд Стрит очень много магазинов. 5. В Ист-Энде мало парков, там много фабрик и заводов. (B) 1. В Советском Союзе много больших рек. 2. Сколько озер в Советском Союзе к востоку от Урала? 3. На Волге много больших промышленных городов. 4. Сколько рек в Москве? 5. На Калининском проспекте много высоких красивых домов. Много там и магазинов. 6. В Москве девять железнодорожных вокзалов. (C) 1. Сколько слов в этом словаре? 2. Раньше эта улица не была шумной, а теперь на ней большое движение. 3. В этом году в нашем саду будет очень много цветов. 4. У нас в аудитории нет часов. 5. В этой библиотеке есть читальный зал? 6. Сколько будет аудиторий в новом здании вашего института? 7.—Почему твой портфель такой тяжелый? — В нем словарь, учебник и несколько тетрадей. 8. В бутылке мало молока. 9. В этой части страны мало холодных месяцев, но в каждом месяце бывает несколько холодных дней. 10. Раньше в этом городе не было кинотеатров, а теперь здесь три кинотеатра и клуб. Ех 27. Practise the following according to the models. Model 1: Now Mary is well but a week ago she (very ill). but a week ago she was very ill. 1. I am a teacher now but a year ago I (a student). 2. Now we are students but a few months ago we (school children). 3. It is cold today but yesterday it (still warm). 4. Now she is a long way from here, but yesterday she (at home). 5. He is an engineer now but two years ago he (Д worker). 6. Now the weather is nice but early in the morning it (rainy). 7. Now the hall is empty but it (full of people) just five minutes ago. 8. There are a lot of people in the streets today, but yesterday they (empty). Model 2: I think (he, be, there, tomorrow) I think he'll be there tomorrow. I think: 1. he, be a musician. 2. they, be present at the meeting. 3. we, be at home, on Sunday. 4. the weather, be good, tomorrow. 5. there, be a lot of people at the party. 6. she, be a good teacher. 7. the party, be very interesting. 8. the book, be very difficult for her. 9. I, be there, at five o'clock, too. Ex 28. Translate the following sentences. 1. Она будет хорошим специалистом. 2. Мы были в Москве во время кинофестиваля. 3. Она сейчас в деревне. Они будут в городе не раньше понедельника. 4. Я буду дома в субботу. 5. Он был очень интересным докладчиком (лектором). 6. Они были в Лондоне два года назад. 7. Сколько студентов в вашей группе? 8. У него прекрасная библиотека. 9. Приходите к нам в воскресенье. Все будут рады видеть вас. 10. Много лет тому назад этот город был столицей страны. 11. У меня завтра не будет времени. 12. У них была прекрасная машина, а где она сейчас? Ех 29. Form disjunctive questions. 1. You weren't busy in the morning. 2. Your school was near home. 3. Your parents are not in town in summer. 4. A lot of people will be present at the meeting today. 5. There are a lot of interesting things in this museum. 6. Everybody'll be happy to meet the famous writer. 7. They had quite a problem with the boy. 8. The train was not late today. 9. We'll have a meeting on Friday. 10. Everybody's busy. 11. She has a country house near Moscow. 12. I'm right. 13. There's nobody at home. 14. You'll be in Irkutsk on Saturday. 15. The book won't be interesting for them. 16. Tomorrow's Sunday. Ex 30. Open the brackets, using the correct form of the verb 'be' and retell the texts. (A) PARKS OF LONDON There — more than eighty parks in London. The best known parks near the centre of London — Hyde Park, Regent's Park and St. James's Park. Hyde Park —- a large park of three hundred and forty acres. At the time of King Henry VIII there — wild animals in ,the park Today people walk-in the park or sit on the grass. The Serpentine — a lake in the middle of Hyde Park. In summer you can swim in the Serpentine or go out in a boat. Regent's Park — larger than Hyde Park. The London Zoo — in Regent's Park. There—more than six thousand animals and birds in the Zoo. You can visit the Zoo by boat. The boat goes along the Regent's Canal. There — also an open air theatre in Regent's Park. You can see Shakespeare's plays there in summer. St. James's Park — the oldest and the smallest of these three parks. It — very near Buckingham Palace. The. lake and gardens in St. James's Park—very beautiful. (B) In A.D. 61, in the times of the Romans, London (it — Londi-nium in those days) — a walled city. But there — probably a small settlement even before that time. The first settlements — on two hills on the north bank of the Thames. These places today—Westminster and St. Paul's.* In the city walls there— "gates". Now there—still several: Bishopsgate and Ludgate — two of them. Reported Speech Imperative (Requests, Warnings, Instructions, Prohibition) Ex 31. Study the following chart.
Ex 32. Use Reported Speech.** 1. "Don't repeat this mistake again!" the instructor warned the sportsman. 2. "Leave your address with the secretary," the assistant said. 3. "Phone to me for an answer tomorrow," the manager said to the client. 4. "Don't be so silly," the father said to the kid. 5. "Give a smile," the photographer said to me. 6. "Please, help me to make a decision," Ann asked her friend. 7. "Don't leave these books on the table, put them back on the shelf," the librarian said to the student. 8. "Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes," the nurse said to the child. 9. "Leave your things here," my companion advised me. 10. "Don't discuss this question now," said the chairman. Degrees of Comparison of AdjectivesEx 33. Study the following chart.
Ex 34. Compare the following according to the model. Model: the Don, the Dnieper, the Volga: long, short 1. The Don, the Dnieper and the Volga are long rivers. 2. The Dnieper is longer than the Don but shorter than the Volga. 3. The Volga is the longest of the three, and the Don is the shortest. 1. the Urals, the Pennines, the Alps: high, low; old, young. 2. the climate of Karelia, the Central Asia Republics, Siberia: damp, dry; cold, hot. 3. the Azov Sea, the White Sea, the Caspian Sea: deep, shallow; cold, warm. 4. the Behring Strait, the English Channel, the Gibraltar Strait: narrow, wide. 5. the four seasons of the year: spring, summer, autumn, winter; cold, warm; beautiful. Ex 35. Use the following patterns in sentences of your own. 1. The weather today is better (worse) than it was yesterday. 2. This book is as interesting as that one. 3. The Thames is not so (as) long as the Dnieper. 4. He is twice as old as I am. 5. His library is much richer than mine. 6. She is two years younger than I (am). Ex 36. Translate the following sentences. 1. Какой из шести континентов самый большой? 2. Какой самый короткий месяц в году? 3. Днем на улицах города гораздо больше транспорта, чем вечером. 4. Новые здания гостиниц более современные и они гораздо выше, чем старые. 5. Моя библиотека не столь интересна и богата, как библиотека моего друга. 6. Николай самый молодой из моих друзей. Ему столько же лет, сколько и моей младшей сестре. 7. Кто у них в семье самый- старший из детей? 8. Летом у нас больше свободного времени, чем зимой. 9. В конце года у них в отделе вдвое больше работы, чем обычно. 10. Мой брат на три с половиной года старше меня. Ех 37. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective given in the brackets. Use the article where necessary. 1. The Soviet Union is — country in the world (large). Its territory is 22,402.2 thousand square kilometres. 2. There is no country in the world that is as — in minerals as the Soviet Union (rich). The Soviet Union has — reserves in the world of important minerals such as coal, oil, gas, iron, zinc, nickel and others (rich). 3. Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union, is one of its — towns (old). It is — than Leningrad (old). 4. Red Square is — place in Moscow (beautiful). In old days it was — place in Moscow (busy). 5. The Hermitage in Leningrad is one of—of the world's art museums (fine). There are—than two and a half million works of art of different ages, countries and peoples (many). 6. Leningrad, like Moscow, is one of — industrial centres in our country (important). 7. The British Museum in London is famous for its library, which has one of — collections of books in the world (rich). 8. The English Channel, at its — part, the Strait of Dover, is 32 kilometres wide (narrow). 9. Among the world's— countries are the Vatican, in Rome, and Monaco, which is situated in the South of France (small). 10. The Sears Tower in Chicago is the world's — all-electric building (tall). It is — than both the Empire State building and the World Trade Centre in New York (tall). The Article Ex 38. Study the following chart.
Ex 39. Make up situations, explaining the use of the article in the following pairs of sentences. 1. (I) This is a house, (II) This is the house. 2. (I) You can have a new bag. (II) You can have the new bag. 3. (I) May I have an English dictionary? (II) May I have the English dictionary? 4. (I) This is a famous picture, (II) This is the famous picture. 5. (I) You had a copy of my report, (II) You had the copy of my report. 6. (I) She is a doctor, (II) She is the doctor. Ex 40. Fill in the blanks with articles. 1. This is—very difficult sentence for me.—sentence has too many unknown words in it. 2. Ours is — noisy street. — street is in the centre of the city. It is — street with very heavy traffic during the day. 3. "Is there — theatre in your town?" "Yes, we have one. — theatre is in the town's central square." 4. You have — mistake in the second form of the verb. — mistake is bad, it is not — spelling but — grammar mistake. 5. He has— interesting collection of butterflies. —collection is the second best in our country. 6. He has — elder brother. — brother is away the greater part of the year. He is— sailor. Ex 41. Fill in the blanks with articles. Retell the passage. I like Elsom. It is — seaside resort in — South of England. — town is not very far from Brighton and it has the charm of — old town. — town was never fashionable. In winter Elsom was usually — quiet place and the Dolphin — very comfortable inn. In — hall of — inn there still is a framed letter from Mr Thackeray, — famous writer. In August and September — town is full of holiday-makers and is for two months — noisy place. (After "The Round Dozen" by W. S. Maugham) |
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