C uhfaМПС РОССИИ
Государственное образовательное учреждение
Высшего профессионального образования
“Ростовский государственный университет путей сообщения
Министерства путей сообщения Российской Федерации”
(РГУПС)
Л.Е. Григорьянц, М.В. Ломаш, Л.А. Недоспасова,
Н.В. Тельных, Т.Е., Исаева, Л.Н. Черкасова
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ЗАОЧНОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТА
ГУМАНИТАРНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ
Методические указания
Ростов-на-Дону
2002
У ДК III. 143
Григорьянц Л.Е и др.
Контрольные задания по английскому языку для студентов заочного факультета гуманитарных специальностей: Методические указания / Л.Е. Григорьянц, М.В. Ломаш, Л.А. Недоспасова, Н.В. Тельных, Т.Е. Исаева, Л.Н. Черкасова. – Ростов н/Д: Рост. гос. ун-т путей сообщения, 2002. – 23с.
Настоящее методическое пособие предназначено для студентов заочного факультета технических специальностей. Цели методического пособия – развитие умений и навыков чтений и перевода научно-технической литературы и подготовка к профессионально-ориентированному общению на английском языке.
Рецензент канд. филол. наук, доц. М.Н. Черкасова (РГУПС)
© Ростовский государственный университет
путей сообщения, 2002
1. Выполнение контрольных работ и их оформление
1. Выполнять каждую контрольную работу следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради четко напишите свою фамилию, шифр, номер контрольной работы и обратный адрес.
2. Контрольные работы должны выполняться чернилами, аккуратно, четким почерком.
Необходимо оставлять на каждой странице широкие поля для замечаний и методических указаний преподавателя.
3. Материал контрольной работы располагается по следующему образцу.
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Левая страница
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Правая страница
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Поля
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Английский текст
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Русский текст
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Поля
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4. Выполненные контрольные работы направляются для проверки и рецензирования в РГУПС в установленные сроки.
5. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения указаний или не полностью, она возвращается без проверки.
Примечание. Незачтенные работы возвращаются студенту для полной или частичной переработки.
2. Исправление контрольных работ на основе рецензий
Рецензия должна быть подписана преподавателем-рецензентом и датирована.
1. При получении незачтенной контрольной работы проанализируйте все ошибки, внимательно изучите замечания рецензента.
2. Проработайте еще раз грамматический материал контрольной работы и приступайте к исправлению ошибок в этой же тетради.
3. Все предложения, в которых были допущены орфографические или грамматические ошибки, перепишите заново в исправленном виде.
4. Получив рецензии на зачтенную контрольную работу, внимательно изучите советы и замечания рецензента, а затем приступайте к выполнению очередной контрольной работы.
5. Помните, что во время зачета или экзамена проверяется, как усвоен материал, вошедший в контрольные работы.
3. Чтение и перевод дополнительных текстов по специальности
Самостоятельно прочитайте и переведите тексты по специальности, представленные в приложении.
Контрольная работа № 1
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить работу, необходимо повторить следующие курсы английского языка:
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли. Предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражение падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания – s.
2. Местоимения. Личные, притяжательные, указательные.
3. Глагол. Формы настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past), будущего (Future) времени группы Indefinite действительного залога. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past, Future Indefinite.
4. Структура простого распространенного предложения. Прямой порядок слов повествовательного предложения утвердительной и отрицательной формы, обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is (are).
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем множественного числа существительного;
б) показатели 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
There are different approaches to sociology in the world.
Sociology studies the general and the particular, the abstract and the concrete.
A human being always interacts with his social environment.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод глаголов to be, to have:
For some people sociology is the scientific study of the society and social behavior.
Sociological research is to be more critical and more systematic.
A sociologist is taking part in a research.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски глаголами “to be”, “to have” в Present, Past, Future Simple:
Journalists . . . . . . . . to take account of social changes (to have).
Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . . . in the focus of sociologists attention nowadays (to be).
Extra-mural students . . . . . . . . . .lectures and seminars next month (to have).
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык:
Man lives mostly in family groups consisting customarily of the parents with their children.
Sociology will occupy a prime position among social sciences.
People changed their attitude to sociology some years ago.
V. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием:
sociologist, respectful, interaction, manager, achievement, plurality, decision, naturally.
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й, 6-й и 7-й абзацы.
VII. Прочтите 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на следующие вопросы:
How is the Social Security system financed?
When do workers begin to receive monthly payments?
Are benefits paid to non-working widows, widowers and children under 18?
How many people currently receive these monthly payments?
VIII. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста. Найдите и выпишите английский эквивалент следующего предложения:
У федерального правительства также имеются программы по защите работников железнодорожного транспорта и членов вооруженных сил.
SOCIAL SECURITY IN THE USA
1. Most Americans today have some insurance against long-term illness or injury, or the death of the family wage-earner. Nearly all who work, including the self-employed, are covered by retirement programs. Four out of five employees now have access to unemployment benefits.
2. The Social Security law, which covers more than 90 percent of the work force, provides a national system of payments in old age and survivors' and disability benefits. Over the years the law has been broadened to give greater protection in all categories.
3. The Social Security system is financed through a tax paid by workers and their employers during the years of employment. Self-employed persons, who also pay into the system, are covered as well. When workers retire at age 65, they receive monthly payments on a scale related to their previous earnings; reduced benefits are paid to those retiring at ages 62 through 64. Benefits are also paid to non-working widows and widowers, to children under 18 and to dependent parents. More than 35 million people currently receive these monthly payments. A 65-year-old worker retiring in 1984 could receive as much as $703 per month, a limit that rises to $1,232 if the worker has a dependent spouse and children.
4. Unemployment insurance is financed through a payroll tax paid by the employer. The federal government provides money to the states to cover the cost of operating this program; the states determine the conditions under which benefits are paid. In 1982 the average weekly unemployment payment was $119 for over an average of 15.9 weeks. In some industries wage contracts with labor unions provide for higher payments.
5. Civilians who work for the federal government share the cost of their pension system and group health insurance programs. Most state and city government workers have similar protections. The federal government also has programs to protect railroad workers and members of the armed forces. In addition, all the states have "workers' compensation" laws that provide payments to workers or their families for job-connected in jury or death.
6. The federal government makes grants to the states to help them finance public assistance and social services programs for the needy and those who have exhausted their unemployment benefits. The federal government also helps the states meet the medical costs of the needy aged, the blind and disabled and dependent children.
7. Millions of workers in industry get extra protection through private plans offered by their employers on a fully paid or share-the-cost basis. These usually provide sickness and accident benefits, hospitalization and medical care costs, disability and retirement payments. More than 800,000 business organizations offer some such plan.
Контрольная работа № 2
Чтобы правильно выполнить контрольные задания, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка.
Словообразование – основные словообразовательные суффиксы.
Видо-временные формы глагола (действительный залог).
Согласование времен.
Неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные.
Употребление местоимений it, one.
Усилительная конструкция it is ... that.
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
I. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы, следующие за ним:
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIOLOGY
1. One thinks that sociology has to deal with practical life. And for sure sociology has practical implications for our lives. It is policy-making and social reform that sociology can contribute to. Sociologists say that this science can provide clearer and more adequate understanding of what is going on in the society. It can do it in two ways:
- on the level of factual knowledge (giving an answer to the question what in particular is happening), or
- by means of theoretical understanding (giving an answer to the question why it is happening).
2. We can see that a greater proportion of the population is living in poverty. Any attempt to change the situation will be successful only if it is based on accurate rather than false information. The more we understand why poverty remains widespread, the more likely we can change the situation.
3. One can see that sociology aids in practical policy-making. It does it through helping to see the existence of different cultural values in the structure of the society. To make the world better it is necessary to discard prejudices which groups hold towards one another.
4. Changing in our social world for the past two decades has become so rapid that most people are amazed by recent events. The energy crisis has transformed global economies; new technologies have changed the workplace; the communist world is becoming radically reorganized; and a complex interdependent world means that the changes in one country cause changes in other countries. The world turns to sociologists for interpretation, explanation, making prognosis for future.
1. In what ways can sociology contribute to practical policy-making?
2. How can sociology provide clearer and more adequate understanding of what is going on in the society?
3. What proportion of the population live in poverty nowadays?
4. Under what conditions can an attempt to change the economic situation are successful?
5. Do different cultural values exist in the structure of the society?
6. How can we make the world better?
7. What changes have taken place in our social world two decades ago?
II. Прочтите, перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й и 4-й абзацы текста:
III. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению, содержащему глагол в Present Continuous, Present Indefinite, Present Perfect:
IV. Поставьте сказуемое придаточного предложения в нужную видо-временную форму, учитывая правила согласования времен:
1. For a long time people believed that some day all people (to become) equal and free that no one ever (to suffer). 2. People thought that many years ago there (to be) neither rich, nor poor. 3. The communists considered that private ownership (to be) unfair and fought for common ownership of land and property.
V. Выберите нужное местоимение из данных в скобках:
1. (No, some) part of England is particularly mountainous. 2. The United Kingdom has (any, no) written constitution or Bill of Rights. 3. People of Britain are free to do (something, anything) not forbidden by law. 4. At times it was strictly forbidden in Britain to study (any, anything) of the languages of the minorities. 5. Today (some, something) of the country's ethnic minorities have their own language.
VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения слов it и one.
1. The City of London had walls around it at one time. 2. It is hard to believe that at one time even the King had to knock at the City gate and wait for the permission to enter. 3. It is at night that the West End of London is full of life. 4. Small towns in Britain differ from the traditional ones in other countries. 5. One should remember that the monarchy in Britain is constitutional.
VII. Переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
1. For socialization a person has to assimilate a great amount of new information. 2. One can say that socialization is the process by which a human animal becomes a human being. 3. Our personal worlds can be deeply affected by decisions of large organizations. 4. Socialization should be carried out in many different ways, in a variety of social contexts. 5. Socialization must be carried out for the benefit of the person who is socialized. 6. Socialization may inhibit (подавлять) personal development.
Контрольная работа № 3
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольные работы, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:
1. Видо-временные формы глагола (действительный и страдательный залоги).
2. Неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, герундий, причастие).
I. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы, следующие за ним:
MAN AND NATURE
1. The relations between man and nature have become one of the major problems facing civilization today. That is why ecology stands at the crossroads of politics, science and economics.
2. While “blank spots” have practically disappeared from the Earth's geographical map, the “black spots” marking deserts and other areas of ecological disaster are expanding at a frightening pace. Man perfects everything, including his own shortcomings.
3. Our ancestors naively considered the Earth's resources to be boundless and endless. Their ecological ignorance was not their crime, but rather their woe, for it caused the death of thousands of animal species. We shouldn't judge those who lived in the ancient, medieval or even recent times. Man has always had to fight a hostile environment. Even in the 19th century, when the word “ecology” was born, people continued to use nature as consumers. For centuries man has been proclaimed the “lord and king” of nature, and not the child.
4. “Human” achievements in conquering nature became so great that man's activity began to have an increasingly negative effect on the biosphere. For example, forests disappear at a rate of 20 hectare a minute. Today animals and plants perish mostly due to the production of industrial pollutants and the poisoning of the biosphere.
5. Charles Darwin once said that nature cannot lie. Today it is essential that we realize that we ourselves cannot lie to nature. We know that nature is weak and defenseless before man who has grown so strong.
6. Our time is witness to the beginning of “humanized nature”. Humanism is today what we need most of all, in politics, in relations among people, and in our attitude to nature. People of different convictions must work together to wipe the ugly “black spots” from the beautiful face of the Earth.
1. What do “black spots” on the Earth's geographical map mark?
2. Are they expanding?
3. What must people do in order to wipe off these ugly “black spots”?
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 5-й абзацы текста.
III. Выпишите из 4-го абзаца предложение с герундием.
IV. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный:
1. More and more schools of higher education apply linguaphone equipment and television in the teaching process. 2. Environment ignorance is aggravating the conflict between man and nature. 3. Scientists' recommendations encouraged students to take an active part in nature protection. 4. Some colleges have included lectures on nature conservation in their curriculum (расписание). 5. Next year a world-known professor will give lectures on sociology.
V. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в нужной видо-временной форме:
1. Life (to exist) on Earth for millions of years. 2. We don't know in what form life first (to exist). 3. Man (to differ) from other animals in many ways. 4. Considerable efforts (to make) now to solve ecological problems. 5. In the nearest future the ecological factor (to become) one of the indices of the work of an enterprise.
VI. Подчеркните инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. То say that a society is civilized doesn't mean that it has a high culture. 2. Man is the only animal that uses one tool to make another. 3. Man's ability to speak and develop language allows him to share knowledge with other men. 4. They are said to have been conducting negotiations for a long time. 5. I want to be informed of the results in time.
VII. Преобразуйте предложения, употребляя причастие в функции определения или обстоятельства:
1. Management is a part of many processes, which determine the outlook of the contemporary world. 2. As he did not understand the rule he asked the teacher to explain it to him again. 3. When the plant installs the new equipment it will raise its output. 4. The new data about the Moon which scientists received not long ago are very valuable.
VIII. Подчеркните герундий, переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. A Polish delegation arrived in Minsk with the object of conducting trade negotiations. 2. Education in today's world concerns many subjects, all of which are important for living in modern societies. 3. The idea of printing probably came to Europe from China. 4. Inventions during the 19th century made possible the sending of messages over vast distances without actually carrying them.
Контрольная работа № 4
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:
1. Неличные формы глагола и конструкции с ними (Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction, Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction, For-to-Infinitive Construction, Participial Constructions).
2. Сослагательное наклонение. Типы условных предложений.
3. Видовременные формы глаголов действительного и страдательного залогов (повторение).
I. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы, следующие за ним.
THE POPULATION OF GREAT BRITAIN
1. In the number of population (57,1 mln – 1990) Great Britain holds one of the first places among the European countries. Britain ranks fourteenth in the world in terms of population. The English make up over 4/5 of the total population of the country. The proportion of the Scotsmen, Welshmen and Irishmen is about 15 per cent, this group including foreigners too.
2. The most intensive growth of the population of Great Britain took place in the 19th century, when the number of the inhabitants increased from 9 million to 38 million, despite mass emigration (mainly of the ruined peasants and the unemployed of the towns).
3. The country as a whole has a population density of about 233 people per square kilometer (1989), but in England proper - 363 people per square kilometer. The most highly populated regions are mostly the industrial districts. In some of them the density reaches 1,000 and even more people per one square kilometer.
4. The birth rates declined from 18 live births per 1,000 population in 1966 to 13,6 in 1989. The main reason of this is associated with the social conditions in the country: the growth of unemployment, deterioration of the living standards, social tension, expensive housing, lack of pre-school institutions, etc. So there is a substantial fall in the natural increase of the population, the mortality rate remaining more or less stable, about 12 per 1,000 population.
5. The main feature of the changing age structure is the increasing number of elderly people. The lot of the elderly people in Britain is a serious social problem.
6. Marriage trends since the 1930s have been towards a higher proportion of people marrying and an earlier age pattern. The average age for the first marriages is just over 26 for men and 24 for women. The proportion of people divorcing is growing.
7. As regards the proportion of urban population Britain probably holds the first place in the world. Over 90 per cent of its population live in towns.
8. One should note that today in Britain there are also sizeable groups of Americans, Australians, Chinese and various European communities. In the last generation British society has therefore become more multi-racial as ethnic minority groups from almost all parts of the world have made a permanent home in the country.
1. Did mass emigration influence the growth of the population of Great Britain?
2. What are the most highly populated regions of the country?
3. What is the main reason of the birth rates decline?
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите 5-й, 6-й, 7-й и 8-й абзацы текста.
III. Выпишите из 1-го и 4-го абзацев предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот, и переведите их на русский язык.
IV. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в нужной видо-временной форме:
1. The Atlantic Ocean (to wash) the western coast of Great Britain. 2. By the end of the 18th century Europeans (to visit) nearly all of the important Pacific islands. 3. In 1820 more than 70 per cent of the labor force in the US (to work) on farms. 4. At present the bulk of the population of Scotland (to concentrate) in the central lowlands. 5. Most of Britain's former colonies (to become) independent.
V. Переведите предложения, содержащие инфинитивные конструкции:
1. Scientists believe the population of Great Britain to have been 2 million at the end of the ll-th century. 2. Workers and employees are known to comprise 92 per cent of the population in Great Britain. 3. Projections for the future suggest the traditional increase in population of the country to be resumed. 4. Britain's total population is expected to be 58,4 mln in 2001. 5. It's quite usual for international tourism in Britain to boost the development of the service sector.
VI. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную форму глагола в придаточных условных предложениях:
1. If we (can) get food, clothes and shelter without working, we probably would not work. 2. If unemployment (to increase) the government would have changed its policy. 3. The price of juice will increase providing a spring freeze (to destroy) at least half the orange crop.
VII. Переведите следующие предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов:
Human history is an ascending line, each its section corresponding to a definite and increasingly progressive socio- economic structure. 2. All the prerequisites for it having ripened, the subsequent structure establishes itself. 3. Man lives mostly in family groups consisting customarily of the parents with their children.
TEXT 1. WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY ?
Sociology is one of the social sciences. It occupies a prime position among a group of these sciences or disciplines, which include also anthropology, economics and political sciences.
The subject-matter of sociology is behaviour of people as social being's. Sociology is the study of human social life, groups and societies. The scope of sociology is extremely wide, ranging from the analysis of everyday happenings with people in the street up to the investigation of global social processes.
Among the aims of sociology there are such as: discovering the basic structure of human society identifying the main forces that hold groups together or weaken them, learning what conditions transform social life.
And still in the world there are different approaches to sociology. For some people sociology is the scientific study of society and social behaviour. For others it is a guide for ordinary people to understand what is happening to them and how their social world operates. Both approaches are to be considered actual and interdependent at the present historical moment. A common sense question "so what?" should be used by a sociologist who is taking part in a research.*
Almost everyone has some specialized knowledge of n social situation: a family, a work setting or a life style. The sociologist is respectful of this common sense knowledge and often depends on it. However, in the majority of cases it can be fragmentary and uncritical. Sociological research is to be more critical and more systematic. It is quite evident that for this reason sociology must often go beyond the categories of everyday life and must invent new categories to interpret events and experiences in a fresh light.
TEXT 2. MAN AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS
1. The first Industrial Revolution took place between the years 1760 and 1860. It was a revolution, resulting from the introduction of a new form of power – steam power. The first industrial revolution gave us machines to do the work that had been done before by men's hands. The second Industrial Revolution is much more complicated than the earlier one. In fact, it is a series of revolutions. The second revolution has produced machines that can do the work of men's brains.
2. In 1957 the launching of the Earth's first man-made satellite ushered in the space age. Since then, automatic space probes have brought information about the Moon's surface and samples of its soil. They reached the planets Mars and Venus and are transmitting back to the Earth singular data about outer space over hundreds of millions of miles. People have learned how to live and work in near space and on the Moon, and are preparing for the day when interplanetary travel will be possible.
3. The – population of the Earth is growing rapidly. The utilization of natural resources is growing accordingly. How does the environment influence man and how does society influence nature? Scientists study this problem. Various types of human activity are becoming more and more independent of environmental conditions. All this does not mean that environmental factors and conditions no longer have an effect on our activities. Quite the contrary, the more independent of the environment our actions become, the more fully must we take into account its properties and conditions. Technical progress has made it imperative.
4. New sources of power, new processes, new materials have come into use with such bewildering speed in the present century that it is hard to keep track of them all. You have only to look around your own home to get some idea of the speed of change. How many things can you find there which could not have been there in your grandfather's boyhood?
5. Sometimes we call the times, we live in, the age of steel, or the electronic age, or the atomic age, or space age, but what stands out most of all is that is an age of change. All of us are a link in the chain of universal human progress.
TEXT 3. SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF MULTILINGUALISM
The European continent is the cradle of the social science. But language barriers prevent important social science findings from circulating adequately. International access to national social science secondary and primary information requires multilingual documentation, particularly in classifying and indexing. It also requires international information exchange policies and networking. There has been a lot of discussion on this matter within the European community. And the problem is evident. It seems to be wise for reasons of efficiency to adopt one language as a universal core language for references from all other involved language areas and as a universal communication language.
Taking the actual situation into account, English may serve well as the core documentation language, forming the link between a number of national documentation systems. Adopting English as the core language in documentation would not imply simple adoption of the meanings currently associated with English terms. Linking national language terms to English terms may differentiate and qualify meanings.
Though one is well aware of the semantic problems which are involved here. Some context-bound concepts are very difficult to identify and to translate. And there is no truth if not placed within the context. However, in spite of such difficulties the internationalization of science requires a common communication and information language. So English is to be taught to young scientists as a subject for their university exams. This is quite simple and evident. English within the university sociological education programs starts to be a demand.
TEXT 4. SOCIAL ORGANISATION
1. The students of sociology pay much attention to discovering how persons and groups relate to each other.
2. Social organization is the pattern of individual and group relations.
3. There are three levels of social organization.
4. They are: interpersonal relations, which are the micro-order of the society, group relations, which are the medium order of the society, and macro relations or social order.
5. An interpersonal relation is the most elementary social bond, occurring when two persons stand in some relation to each other.
6. These relations are the building blocks of social structure.
7. Organization of people in a group is reflected through roles and modes of interaction.
8. Knowledge of the group structure of a community or society gives clues to potential conflicts or solidarity, as well as to forces that may determine the future character of a society or a community.
9. A social order exists when an entire community or society for a significant period of history is characterized by distinctive and interwoven patterns of social organization.
10. A social order is a type of society.
11. It is evident that large complex and impersonal organizations are characteristic of our present social world. 12. Most people are associated with them.
12. Decisions of large organizations deeply affect our personal worlds and often quite negatively.
TEXT 5. MARRIAGE
1. In all societies there are rules that determine how men and women may live together and raise their children. In Western civilization, it has become the general custom for those of marriageable age to find the mates. Formerly choices were limited. Royalty could marry only royalty. Even among commoners there were strict social strata within which marriage was permissible.
2. In many non-Western societies today, marriage is thought to be principally the business of the two families who are joined by the alliance. Such matters as family, position and wealth are considered more important than the individual choice of the boy and girl, who often do not see each other before their marriage.
3. In every society there are rules about who may be married to whom. Marriages between close relatives are forbidden universally. In India, one may marry someone of his own caste but may not marry anyone born in his own village.
4. Most peoples of Europe and America insist that a marriage be between one man and one woman. This type of marriage is called monogamy. Many non-Western cultures permit plural marriages. Usually these allow one man to have several wives (polygamy), but in a few societies a woman may have more than one husband (polyandry). Both types of plural marriages are referred to as polygamy. In still fewer societies group marriages occur. Group or plural marriages are usually controlled by the economic conditions in the society.
5. In polygamy a man is allowed to have only as many wives as he can support, or in the opposite situation a woman may be permitted more than one husband only if one husband is not able to support her. In practically all societies marriages may be broken through the process of divorce.
TEXT 6. LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
1. Americans have a reputation for being global illiterates; only one in ten can speak another language. That does not stop millions of tourists, businessmen, diplomats and journalists from visiting and working in nearly every country in the world. Americans simply expect everyone else to know their language. Few Americans study foreign languages extensively and few American schools and universities ask them to.
2. The American predilection for English is hardly discouraged in the country's schools. At least 20 per cent of the nation's higher schools teach no foreign languages at all. Few schools teach languages to students under 12, when they can better learn another tongue. As a result fewer than 3 per cent of all higher school graduates achieve “meaningful” competence in a foreign language. But that is no bar to getting into the nation's colleges: only 8 per cent have a foreign-language requirement. Some colleges permit students to take proficiency exams to demonstrate that they can speak a foreign language – to some degree – instead of enrolling in a language course. Students can – and often do – persuade healthclinic psychiatrists to attest to their psychological inability to learn another language.
3. Not all Americans are monolingual, of course. There are many students who want to learn foreign languages. Some study Spanish, so they can understand the country's growing Spanish population; others want to study the language of their immigrant ancestors.
4. Another reason for an interest in learning a foreign language is the tight job market. “If you have two qualified people applying for a job at an international firm and only one speaks a foreign language, its obvious who will be chosen”, says Blanche Hamilton, who runs the foreign-language program in Atlanta's public schools.
5. Increased demand may result in more language courses. But the vast majority of Americans will probably remain monolingual for a long time.
In order to understand how people behave and how they change it is always necessary to see it as a part of a broader social process. That is why sociologists closely study social context, which helps a lot in interpreting things.
Sociology studies men and groups in action. The acting person is a specific human being who pursues goals, interprets experience, responds to opportunities and confronts difficulties.
The sociological emphasis on context and action points out to the concreteness of human experience. There is no abstract being called man, there are only particular persons who live their own lives in historical time. Awareness of plurality is essential for sociology. It studies the general and the particular, the abstract and the concrete.
Human interaction is another focus of sociology. A human being always interacts with his social environment. From his setting he derives aspirations, competencies, satisfactions, anxieties and social identity.
Содержание
C uhfaМПС РОССИИ 1
1. Выполнение контрольных работ и их оформление 4
2. Исправление контрольных работ на основе рецензий 4
3. Чтение и перевод дополнительных текстов по специальности 5
Контрольная работа № 1 5
Контрольная работа № 2 8
Контрольная работа № 3 11
Контрольная работа № 4 14
Исаева Татьяна Евгеньевна
Черкасова Любовь Николаевна
Григорьянц Людмила Ефимовна
Недоспасова Лариса Алексеевна
Тельных Надежда Васильевна
Контрольные задания по английскому языку
для студентов заочного факультета гуманитарных
специальностей
Методические указания
Редактор А.И. Гончаров
Техническое редактирование и корректура А.И. Гончаров
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