Chapter VI. Export sales. Carriage of goods by sea


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Chapter VI. EXPORT SALES. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA

Unit 11

This subject, ihe importance of which needs no emphasis, can be conveniently divided into three sections — the contract of sale, payment, and carriage of goods by sea. It is proposed to consider Ihcsc topics in thai order.

Text l.THE CONTRACT OF SALE

/tow (ire orders obtwiu'd'.'

The English exporter can obtain export contracts in a number of ways. First, he can, if his business is large enougli, set up ;t branch or a subsidiary company in the foreign country. Secondly, he can appoint agents to obtain orders. Thirdly, he can enter inio what is called an "exclusive sales" agreement wilh a foreign importer whereby the importer agrees to buy exclusively from the exporter and to use his best endeavours to create a market for the exporter's goods, and in return he is given exclusive selling rights within a particular territory. The following points should be noted with regard to exclusive sales agreements:

(1) The exporter should ensure that the agreement does not contravene the law relating to restraint of trade and restrictive practices in the foreign country as well as English law. In practice the laws of many foreign countries arc stricter than the provisions of English law.

(2) The agreement should make it clear that orders are placed by the foreign buyer as principal and not as agent. The advantage of the agreement from the seller's point of view is that he can deal with one firm which is well known to him, rather than with a large number of unknown firms whose solvency may be doubtful.

(3) The agreement should specify precisely the goods covered. the territory covered, the obligations of the parlies and ihc

duration of the arrangement. A seller might, lo make ihe arrangement worthwhile, require Ihc buyer 10 place orders up io;i specified amount within a ccrl;iin period. A clause requiring Hie buyer to do Ihis should slate Ihis obligation is nol dependent on Ihc buyer himself having obtained orders for Ihc goods.

Having dealt with ihc inclhods by which orders arc obtained. it is now possible lo consider the actual contract of sale bclwccii ihe English seller and ihe foreign buyer, and ihc obligations lo which Ihcy give rise.

What law applies?

Since an cxporl sale involves a foreign clement, it will not necessarily be governed by English law. An English exporter who wishes, as he usually does, to have ihc contract governed bv English Law should insert a stipulation lo that effect. Even if the contract docs not expressly slate that English law applies a clause referring disputes to English arbitration will have this effect.

Types of contract

i\ number of different types- of contract can be concluded, and the question of which is best will usually depend on the type and size of business which the exporter carries on. The terms of many of the conn-acts about to be discussed have become standardised. but the interpretation of these terms is not uniform thoughoul the world.

/-'.» works

An ex works contract approximates most closely to a domestic sale. The seller is bound to make available goods of the contract description at the agreed lime and place; and the buyer's duly is to collect them. In ihc absence of contrary agreement the price is payable on delivery and the properly and'risk will usually pass lo the buyer when ihc goods arc unconditionally appropriated 10 ihe contract. Where the buyer requires- documents, such as an cxporl licence, which are obtainable in the seller's country, it is the duly of the seller lo assist the buyer lo obtain ilicm.

/•'.O.K. (fw on mil)

Here the seller's obligations arc slighllv more extensive. Не musi see that ihc goods arc loaded onto ihc railway authority's collecting vehicle and, at his own expense, he must give immediate notice lo the buyer lhal this has been done. The prcsenlaiion of an invoice or advice note is sufficient for this purpose. Once the goods have been delivered lo the railway authority the properly and risk pass to the buyer and the price becomes payable. The dul'v to assist the buyer with regard to the obtaining of documents is the same as

on an ex works conn-act. The buyer must, of course, make his own arrangements for carriage and must pay the freight. He must also inform the seller of the destination of the goods.

Г.Л. S. (fw ч/Mia''iiii')

Under this contract it is the duly of the seller to place ihc goods, at his own expense, alongside a ship named by the buyer. The buyer, for his part, must noniinaic a ship and give adequate notice 10 the seller, and the loading of ihc goods onto the ship is also the buyer's responsibility. Properly and risk pass when goods have been placed alongside.

P.O.IS. (fm on board) •

Under this contract, which is of great commercial importance, still further obligations arc undertaken by the seller. These obligations arc not always uniform.

Strict f.o.b. The strici form of f.o.b. contract requires Ihc seller, at his own expense, lo place the goods on board a ship nominated by the buyer. The buyer, for his part, must nominate a ship and inform the seller in good time. The price quoted by the seller docs not lake into account freight and insurance, because these arc a matter for the buyer.

Parsing of riy'k. The risk passes to Ihc buyer when the goods have been lifted over the ship's rail. The goods arc then both commercially and legally "on board", and if they arc subsequently damaged while the loading is being completed the buyer bears the loss.

l^issint; of properly. It is generally accepted lhal properly passes to the buyer when the goods have been handed over the ship's rail;

in other words, at the same time as the risk. If, of course, the contract goods form part of a larger consignment so that at the moment of shipment they arc still unascertained, no properly passes until they are ascertained. It should be noted that the risk in such a case may pass before the property so that if the entire consignment were accidentally damaged after being lifted over the ship's rail, the loss would fall on the buyer, if this was the intention of the parlies.

C.I.I-', (cost, insurance, /rriK/il)

The essential feature of the c.i.f. contract is that it is "a contract for the sale of goods to be performed by the delivery of documents". This emphasis on the shipping documents — insurance policy, bill of lading and invoice — can be seen from the case of C.Groom, Ltd. v.Barber where it was held that on lender of ihc documents ihc buyer is bound (unless otherwise agreed) to pay for ihe goods, even if they have already been lost. He will

normally h;ivc a claim in rcspcci of Ihc loss under the contract of carriage or ihc conlrad of insurance.

Before considering the duties of ihc panics, il must be emphasised lhat if a contract docs nol posses this "sale of documents" character, it will not be a c.i.f. contract, even though the parlies give it that name.

Duties of seller. The main duties of the seller under a genuine c.i.f. contract can be summarised as follows:

(1) He must ship goods of the contract description within the agreed lime, or if no time is agreed, within a reasonable lime. Time for delivery is usually of the essence in commercial contracts.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

export sales — экспортная торговля, продажа на экспорт

to obtain an order — получать (находить) заказ

branch (or subsidiary) company — отделение (или филиал) компании, дочерняя компания

"exclusive sales" agreement — договор купли-продажи с ис­ключительными правами

exclusive selling rights — исключительные права на продажу товаров

to contravene the law — нарушать закон, право; противоре­чить закону, праву

contravention — нарушение (закона)

restraint of trade — ограничение торговли

restrictive trade practices —ограничение торговли

to deal witji a firm — вступать в сделки с фирмой

the duration of the arrangement — срок договоренности

to place orders (with) — размещать заказы у кого-либо

clause — оговорка, пункт (в договоре)

foreign clement — иностранный элемент

to govern (or to cover) — регулировать

to insert — включить, вписать (в документ)

to refer disputes to arbitration — передавать споры в арбитраж

ю have effect — иметь (юридическую) силу

to carry on business — вести дела, вести коммерческую (или хозяйственную) деятельность

standardised terms — типизированные условия

ex works—франко-завод, с завода

to make available — доставлять, поставлять, предоставлять

goods of the contracts description—товары, соответствую­щие описанию в договоре

contrary agreement — соглашение об ином

(he price is payable on delivery — оплата тонара произвол ся наложенным платежом

the goods arc unconditionally appropriated to the conlrad товар выделен для безусловного исполнения договора

export licence — экспортная лицензия

F.O.R. (free on rail) — франко-рельсы, франко-вагон

extensive — широкий, обширный

railway authority — администрация железной дороги

collecting vehicle — транспорт для подвоза грузов к жед ной дороге

presentation — предъявление

invoice — счет-фактура

advice note — извещение об отгрузке по ж.д.

to make arrangements for carriage — договариваться о псрсвс!

freight — фрахт I

destination — место (или пункт) назначения '\

F.A.S. (free alongside) — франке вдоль борта судна, ycnoil фас

to nominate a ship — выбирать (ил назначать) судно

F.O.B. (free on board) — франко-борт, условия ФОБ

lo quote a price — назначать цену

ship's rail — борт судна

commercially and legally — в коммерческом и юридичсс^ смысле (отношении) р

lo bear the loss — нести (оплачивать) убытки |

C.I.F. (cost, insurance, freight) — условия СИФ ''.

shipping documents — грузовые документы |

bill of lading — коносамент

on tender of the documents — при передаче документов

lo be lost — погибнуть (о товаре)

to have a claim in respect of the loss — иметь право на на гибели товара

lime for (или of) delivery — срок поставки

lo be of the essence — иметь значение

commercial contract — торгрвый договор

EXERCISES

/. Civi.' Russian equivalents for:

export sales, lo obtain an order, branch (or subsidia company, "exclusive sales" agreement, exclusive selling rights, contravene the law, contravention, restraint of trade, reslrici trade practices, to deal with a firm, the duration of arrangement, to place orders (with), clause, foreign elcnicnl,j govern (or to cover), to insert, to refer disputes to arbitration,^

have cffcci, lo carry on business, standardised icrms, ex works, lo make available, goods of Ihc contract dcscriplion, conirnrv agreement, ihe price is p;iy;iblc on delivery, the goods are unconditionally appropriated lo the contract, cxporl licence, F.O.R. (free on rail), extensive, railway authority, collecting vehicle, prcsenlalion, invoice, advice nolc, lo make arrangements for carriage, frcighl, destination, F.A.S. (free alongside), lo nominalc a ship, F.O.B. (free on board), to quote a price, ship's rail, commercially and legally, to bear the loss, C.l.F. (cosi, insurance, freight), shipping documents, bill of lading, on lender of the documents, to be lost, to have a-claim in respect of the loss, lime for (or of) delivery, to be of the essence, commercial contract.

2. I risen prepositions and translate into Russian:

1. The seller can deal ... one firm which is well known ... him. 2. Even if the contract docs not expressly stale that English law applies, a clause referring disputes ... English arbitration will have this effect. 3. In the absence ... contrary agreement the price is payable ... delivery and the properly and the risk will usually pass ... llie buyer when the goods arc uncondilionally appropriated ... tlic contract. 4. ... his own expense, he must give immediate nolicc ... the buyer thai this has been done.

J. Translate iillo Russian:

1. A clause requiring the buyer to do this should stale that this obligation is not dependent on the buyer himself having obtained orders for goods. 2. An English exporter who wishes, as he usually docs, to have the contract governed by English law should insert ;> stipulation to that effect. 3. Since the essence of the contract is llie delivery of goods rather thain documents, it would sum on principle that the passing of the properly is not delayed by the fact that the seller retains the bill of lading, or has the bill made out lo his own orders. 4. Had this been a true c.i.f.. contract the action would have failed. 5. Thus, it will be recalled that where the bill of lading is made out to the order of the seller or his agent, the seller is prima facie deemed to have reserved Ihc right of disposal.

Text 2. PAYMENT

Cash

The seller may, of course, require payment in cash and contracts providing for "cash against documents" arc commonly found. Often, however, the buyer is anxious to obtain the goods on credit, so that he can pay for them out of the proceeds of a resale.

Cmlil

Although ihe system of sending bills of lading lo buyers together with bills of exchange is slill quite widely used, it has one defect from the seller's point of view, namely the practical difficulties that might arise if Ihe buyer failed to honour the bill of exchange. These difficulties might well be considerable if the goods had already been shipped and the market was falling. To eliminate this risk the practice of payment by banker's commercial credit was evolved. This practice has great advantage from the exporter's point of view and at the present time a very large proportion of the export credit is financed in this way.

1'vutiirr of Credit

v

Looked at from the exporter's viewpoint the essential feature of the transaction is that he can look to a bank for payment of the price, thereby eliminating virtually all risk of not receiving payment. Credits take a variety of forms, but in all of them the seller delivers the shipping documents to the bank and the bank thereupon pays, accepts or negotiates bills of exchange drawn by the seller on the buyer or on the bank. The bank will then look to the buyer for reimbursement.

Procedure

There arc three (and sometimes four) stages in the opening of a credit.

The first stage, of course, is the contract of sale itself. This may provide, and frequently docs, for payment by banker's commercial credit, and may require the buyer to open a credit within a certain-lime. In many cases the type of credit is also specified. Thus the seller may, and should, require payment by confirmed irrevocable credit, an expression which will become clear when the different types of credit have been examined.

The exact obligations of the buyer depend on the wording of the contract. In the absence of express stipulation as to time the buyer must open the credit within a reasonable time, having regard to the dale fixed for shipment. Where the seller is given a choice to ship during a certain period, e.g., January or February, the credit must be available throughout the whole of that period.

The second stage is a communication by the buyer to his bank requesting the bank to open a credit in favour of the seller. The buyer signs a form of application addressed to the banker specifying the type of credit, Ihe amount and full details of the documents to be handed over by the seller. The form also contains:

(a) An undertaking by the buyer to reimburse the bank;

: 1 : ! ! 1

1 (Ь) A ^latcment (hat (he bank is entitled lo hold Ihe documents! •a's securely for repayment: of the principal sum, interest, cpmmissibn and charges;

,1 (c).A'(i:lausc conferring on the bank a power of sale in order tc realise thfc security. :

The final stage is a communication by (he issuing or correspondent bank to the seller thai a credit has been opened in his favour and selling out Ihe conditions for its operation. |

i

. . Types of crnlil '.

Credits ca'n be classified in various ways according to the obligations undertaken by the bank. It is only necessary here to examine two of these classifications. ' :

Revocible and irrevocable I

[. The distinction between revocable and irrevocable credits is^;

fundariier tal ;from Ihe seller's point of view. If the credit is a revo^ai^ile. one. Ihe bank, merety informs the seller that they have "' ^authority lo ipay or accept bills of exchange in return.for the I ^(ipicuhi^nts, but the bank 'does not undertake that they will in fact i ; io sd. 'Further the ba^ik is entitled, as against the seller, to cancel .; decrddit at any lime,:afid although it is their usual practice to give i i he seljer loti^e of cancellation it has been held that they are underj1 ! 1,0 t4g^l < biigalion lo do,so. It-is not surprising therefore that ;

;: ^vocable credits are seldom used. :' |1:щ1'Ье case an'irrevocable credit, on the other hand, the bankjj p»nd^ it$e f tojhonour; the seller's draft if the seller complies wilhj pis obliga ions with regard to the shipping documents. The buyerj Cannpt, in such a case, cancel his original instructions.

' \ Cbnfirmed and unconfirmed i

' An irrevocable credit тау;Ье confirmed or unconfirmed, and;

this distinction also is of great importance to the seller. Under ;i| confirmedj credit the correspondent bank undertakes personal liability; tp (he seller, whereas under an unconfirmed credit it merely acts as agent but without incurring personal liability for the price. Thej disadvantage of the: latter is thai if for some reason the bank defaults, the seller may have to start litigation in the buyer's country дс enforce his rights against the issuing bank. Hence it is usualfor t ie contract to .stipulate for payment by confirmed credit. I^lh4GorHrac};does provide for, this, the seller need not deliver the ;

^w)d^ ifj'tt e buyer opens a ;cre(l it which is unconfirmed. , .

jifhxi.:» i!;: '•• .•;-!.• •I •••,'' •• ^,- . \ - . ' '"

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

cash (actual money) — наличные деньги

cash against documents — платеж при вручении документов, платеж против документов

on credit — в кредит

the proceeds of a resale — сумма, вырученная, при перепро­даже

credit (or lellcr of credit) —аккредитив

bill of exchange — переводной вексель, тратта

lo honour (:i bill) — акцептировать или оплатить (вексель)

the market is falling — цены падают (снижаются) на рынке

banker's commcrci;il credit — банковский торговый аккредитив

to evolve — создавать (ся), возникать

to accept a bill — акцептовать вексель

to negotiate a bill — пускать вексель в оборот

to draw a bill (on) — выписывать (выставлять) вексель на кого-либо

reimbursement — возвращение (суммы), возмещение

to open a credit — открыть аккредитив

confirmed irrevocable credit — подтвержденный безотзыв­ный аккредитив

the wording of the contract — формулировка договора

express stipulation — прямовыраженная оговорка

communication — сообщение

a form of application — форма (бланк) заявления

the amount of the documents — сумма п документах

security — обеспечение

principal sum — капитальная сумма, общая сумма

interest (on) — проценты

rate of interest — процентная ставка

charges — сборы, комиссионные

to confer a power (on) — предоставлять кому-либо право, наделять кого-либо правом

to realize the security — реализовать (превратить в налич­ные) обеспечение

revocable — отзывной

fundamental — коренной, радикальный

to have authority — иметь полномочия, иметь право

as against— в отношении

lo cancel — отменить, аннулировать

to be under legal obligation — нести юридическое обязатель­ство, нести обязательство по закону

draft — тратта, переводной вексель

to comply with obligations — выполнять обязательства

correspondent bank — банк-корреспондент

:loincur|pcrsonal liability (for)отвечать своим имуществом за.что-либэ • ;

'• to do'fnu I —'не уплатить ' ' . | ;lo sl?rl iligation — начать судебный процесс

; 'lbcrifor:c one's righls — осуществлять свои права принуди­тельно (чс эсз суд)

" issuing bank — банк-эмитент

to stipulate (for) —оговаривать что-либо, предусматривать что-либо

EXERCISES

/. Give Russian rqniva/cills/w:

cash against documents, on credit, the proceeds of a resale, credit, bill of exchange, to honour a bill, the market is falling, banker's commercial credit, to accept a bill, to negotiate a bill, to draw a bill (on), reimbursement, to open a credit, confirmed irrevocable credit, the wording of the contract, express stipulation, i the amount of the documents, security, principal sum, interest ;

(on), rate of inlcrcst, charges, iio confer a power (on), to realize-;

the security, to have authority, as against, to cancel, to be under ;

legal obligation, draft, correspondent bank, to incur personal j liability (fo"), to default, to'slarl litigation, to enforce one's rights, issuing ban ^, to stipulate (for).

' ' 2. Insert f repositions aild Irans/alc inio Russian:

i l :' ' , • ;

. jj. Often hqwcv;er,.lhc buyer is anxious ^o obtain: (he goods ... iW'dil» so't at he can pa у ...them ... the proceeds.,.. a resale. 2. Cr&dils.lital e a variety ....forms,:, but... all ... them the seller delivers U he shipping . documents ... the bank and the bank tbJereupoo pays, accepts or negotiates bills ... exchange drawn ... the seller T. the buyer or... the bank. 3. The application form contains a clause conferring ... the bank a power... sale ... order to realize the security. 4. Further the bank is entitled, as ... the seller, to cancel the credit ... any time, and although it is their usual practice to give the seller notice of cancellation it has been held thai they arc ... no legal obligation to do so. 5. It is usual... the contract to stipulate ... payment... confirmed credit.

J. Translate into Kiissian:

I. Looked at from the exporter's viewpoint the essential feature of the transaction is that he can look to a bank for payment of the price, thereby'eliminating virtually all risk of not receiving payment. 2. In the absence of express stipulation as to lime the

buyer must open the credit within a reasonable lime, having regard to the date fixed for shipment. 3. Buyers bought goods to be delivered by instalments, payment to be by irrevocable credit. '

Text 3. ДОГОВОР КУПЛИ-ПРОДАЖИ ТОВАРОВ В МЕЖДУНАРОДНОМ ТОРГОВОМ ОБОРОТЕ

Для международного торгового оборота характерно приме­нение типизированных сделок. Типизация условий договоров, заключенных во внешней торговле, достигается путем приме­нения адаптированных типовых контрактов, а также различ­ных общих условий. Для определения содержания типизиро­ванных сделок важное значение имеет практика применения международных торговых обычаев.

j Договор ФОБ. По договору с таким условием товар достав-;' ляется продавцом на борт судна, и покупатель до этого момента j свободен от каких-либо расходов или забот о товаре. Покупная цена, указанная в договоре, охватывает цену самого товара, расходы продавца по доставке товара в порт погрузки и по по­грузке его на борт судна.

Продавец обязуется (помимо перенесения на покупателя права собственности на товар обусловленного качества и в ус­тановленном в договоре количестве):

а) доставить товар за свой счет в порт погрузки и известить покупателя о готовности товара к погрузке;

б) погрузить товар за свой счет на борт судна;

в) оплатить все расходы и сборы, связанные с вывозом това­ра из порта (пошлины, налоги, портовые сборы и т.п.);

г) передать покупателю или его агенту вместе со счетом-фак­турой документ, удостоверяющий погрузку товара на борт судна.

Покупатель обязан:

а) за свой счет за4)рахтовать судно или обеспечить на опре­деленном судне место для перевозки товара, заключив соответ­ствующий договор с перевозчиком;

б) заблаговременно известить продавца о времени прибытия судна и указав его название, дату отплытия и место погрузки. Обычно в договоре предусматривается обязанность покупателя систематически информировать продавца о передвижении судна;

в) произвести платеж покупной цены против представления необходимых документов (счета-фактуры, документа о по­грузке товара или коносамента — при наличии указания об этом в договоре).

Продавец отвечает за надлежащее качество товара в момент

погрузки его н;1 борт судна. Поэтому и осмотр товара обычно производится покупателем или его представителем в порту по­грузки. П ра во собствен нести и вес риски переходят н;| пикупа--теля в момент надлежащей сдачи товара перевозчику.

Аккредитивная форма расчетов .:,

: Гораздо более надежные гарантии получения платежа пред-, ставу1йст аккредитивная форма расчетов. Сущность се состоит^! в|том; чт9 покупатель обязуется открыть в определенном банко1 и;'в ydiOBpcHHOc время особый счет — "аккредитив" для расче-lj ТЙв заркупленный у Продавца товар. Обычно в аккредитивной поручении указывается, что платеж продавцу производится;

только против представления им в банк, где выставлен аккре-il дитив!, определенных документов, названных в поручении. По-':

этому такой аккредитив именуется документарным. Платеж. производится, если документы представлены в установленный срок. Банк, перед тем как произвести платеж, проверяет соот­ветствие документов, переданных продавцом, условиям аккре­дитива. Если же обнаруживается несоответствие между содер­жанием договора продажи и аккредитивом, банк отдаст . -предпочтение аккредитиву.

Банк, принявший аккредитивное поручение от клиента. (банк-эмитент), может либо взять на себя обязанность произ­вести платеж против документов, представленных продавцом, либо дать поручение произвести платеж на тех же условиях другому банку. !!

Документарные аккредитивы могут быть нескольких видов:' отзывные, безотзывные, подтвержденные. :;

Отзывные аккредитивы могут быть в любой момент аннули­рована покупателем. Если выставляется безотзывный аккрс,-

JTHi^ тц.банк-эмит^нт принимает на себя обязательства перег [цом,. в „пользу которого аккредитив выставлен, что аккреди-В|не|будст ;отозв^н, а его условия не будут Изменены бег ;сргда1:11я 'этбгб лица^ Если указанное Лицо сомневается в на-|ежй(|сп обЙзач'Сльс}т^банка-Э1ийтента;то o]ho может получит^ ро^н п с^ьную охрану ^Boux'ii'HTCpScoB,'потребовав подтвер-{дещ^а (кредитива! y|cri6fero банЙ-Йодтйе^ждая аккредитив, ^н^ггй саййм тараНтйрует продавцу платеж 'по аккредити-i |i
АКТИВНЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ t

ме|ждународный торговый оборот — international trade J ; типизированная сделка — standardized contract (• типизация—standardisation ;.!

176 \ - •!•

пнсшняя торгонля — foreign iradc, cxporl ir.idc

;|д;1птиров;)т1> — to ;idopl

тнпоной договор — model conlraci; slandard-lcrm contract

общие условия — general conditions

определять — to determine, to ascertain, to establish

торговый обычай — trade custom

с таким условием — on such terms

доставлять на борт судна — to deliver on board a ship

охватывать — to cover

порт погрузки — port of loading

обязываться — to undertake

перенесение на покупателя права собственности на товар — transfer of the properly in the goods to the buyer

обусловленного качества — of agreed quality

в установленном в договоре количестве — of agreed quantity

извещать — to notify, to give notice; to advise

сборы — charges, dues, fees

вывоз товара из порта — the removal of the goods out of the port

пошлина — custom duly

налог — tax

портовый сбор — harbour dues

счет-фактура — invoice

документ, удостоверяющий погрузку товара — document evidencing (he loading of (he goods, male's receipt

фрахтовать — to charier

обеспечить место для перевозки товара — to secure shipping space

заблаговременно — in advance ,

название — name

в договоре предусматривается —the contract provides for (that)

систематически информировать продавца — to keep the seller informed

передвижение судна — movements of the ship; the ship's position

производить платеж — to effect (to make) payment

против ; представления документов — on tender of documents, against documents

коносамент — bill of lading

при наличии указания об этом в договоре — if the contract stales so

надлежащий — proper

в момент погрузки — at the lime of loading

177

производить осмотр . товара — Ю make inspection (cxaminaii -m) of ihc goods

прсдста житель — agcni, rcprcscniaiivc

сдача t( вара — delivery of ihc goods

аккредитивная форма расчетов—pavmcnt bv a Icllcr of credit)

на^сжн >ic гарантии — secure guarantees (safeguards)

cvihHoe'b—essence ^ ;

открыл (выставить) аккредитив — lo open a letter of credit

аккредитивное поручение—instruction to open a Icllcr of

СГ13(1Щ ''', ; •' ;! i. . . • . .

', jnp^cra, incHHC.— prescTitatip.n, lender ' ., , ' !имЬнов; ться— to be known as; to be referred to as ,., 'докуке! тарныи кредит,— dqcumcntary credit

а'ар(1влснныисрок^а1 a fixed lime ',:',,

(cti;tbh&, ;yc^iOBHt|M—conformtly 'w^th ihc terms,

ice with'fihe lerims ; i '. ', ^.!:,." "; " , ., :

..i (mc^u^b ^тс^в^иц i-т'discrepancy'6 ' "'.''.•, : . .отдарат > предпочтение"— lo'favour, lo'give preference to

дать по] •учение — to instruct ^ Ътзывнс и — revocable " ''бсзЪ"тзьи h bin—irrevocable '

аннулировать — to cancel

банк-эмитент — issuing bank

ли^.о — parly

сомневаться в надежности — to doubt the reliability

охрана iH-герссов — protection of interests

ndfpt:6o 1ать — to dcmaad, to call for

i - EXERCISES "/. Give Ei glisli equivalents for:

мс-к^ун 1родный торговый оборот, типизированные сделки, вн^шгяя торгбвля, типовой договор, общие условия, торговый об1>1чай,дортавлять на борт судна, охватывать, порт погрузки, об^ыва^тыя, перенесение! ';на покупателя права собственности Hi» jrpBii(), о •условленного качества, в установленном в договоре количестве;: йзй|:шат(>,;сббры, вывоз товара из порта, пошлина, ,^ дог i'r ор- •овуй сбор,;сч(Н--фак.тура, документ, удостоверяю-lii ^"1 ndipy; кУтрвара, 'фрахтовать, обеспечивать inecro для пс-р(4р31;и те вара, заблаговременно, название,- систематически i|l^>^fktn^(BaTH>' riRoaaisua.f передвижение судна, 'производить ф ^Tfe^i 'ti| от^ предсггавЛения! документов, коносамент, при и; j^hw'hh iyi аза» ия об этом в договоре, надлежащий, в момент попрузки, i роизводйтБосмотртовара, представитель, сдача то­

вара, аккредитивная форма расчетов, надежные гарантии, от­крыть (выставить) аккредитив, аккредитивное поручение, представление, именоваться, документарные аккредитивы, в установленный срок, соответствие условиям, несоответствие, дать поручение, отзывный, безотзывный, подтвержденный, ан­нулировать, банк-эмитент, сомневаться в надежности, охрана интересов.

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