Т. A. Бойцова, Л. E. Кондаурова, A. В. Соснин


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4.2 P r a x i s
The Praxis section is specifically targeted at activating the students’ skills of using the English modals and at building up their ability to grasp information, process it and provide a quick response according to a grammar pattern. We suggest the following setup of work: students should be asked at random order to make the necessary transformations with the sentences or the short situations. In this way they will be able to train their concentration, memory and comprehension skills, to go over the essential vocabulary and to practise their techniques until they become automatic.
Obligation and Necessity
Ex. I Listen and repeat.

  1. You must speak to him now.

  2. Peter needn’t come so early.

  3. The woman needn’t have called the ambulance.

  4. Nick didn’t need to translate the text.

  5. The conference is to take place in May.

  6. He was to have answered the letter two days ago.

  7. During my wife’s illness I had to look after the child.

  8. You should look through the text again.


Ex. II Agree or disagree with the idea implied in the question. Use ‘need

to express necessity and ‘must’ to express obligation. Use the words

suggested.

Model:

1. – Must he meet Fred at the station? (know the way)

No, he needn’t. Fred knows the way.

2. – Need Helen read so much? (take one’s exams, next week)

Yes, she must. She’s taking her exams next week.

  1. Need I go to the market now? (to run out of potatoes) – Yes, you must. We’ve run out of potatoes.

  2. Must I be strict with the child? (may, to frighten, him) – No, you needn’t. You may frighten him.

  3. Need she walk so much? (to put on weight) – Yes, she must. She’s putting on weight.

  4. Must he post the letters in the evening? (may, to go, by the morning mail) – No, he needn’t. They may go by the morning mail.

  5. Need I ring him up? (should, to warn, about the meeting) – Yes, you must. You should warn him about the meeting.

  6. Need you leave so early? (to want, to get home, before it’s dark) – Yes, I must. I want to get home before it’s dark.

  7. Must I change for dinner? (there, to be, no strangers, present) – No, you needn’t. There’ll be no strangers present.

  8. Must I bring the papers myself? (anyone, who happens to come here, may) – No, you needn’t. Anyone who happens to come here may bring them.


Ex. III Express forbiddance using ‘mustn’t’ or absence of necessity using

needn’t’

Model:

1. – You are talking to a girl. She is playing with matches.

(forbiddance)

You mustn’t play with those matches. It’s dangerous.

2. – Someone is speaking English to you very slowly. (absence of necessity)

You needn’t speak so slowly. I can understand you easily.

  1. You’re at a petrol station. Someone is smoking. – You mustn’t smoke. It’s dangerous.

  2. Your secretary is willing to stay. You can do the work yourself. – You needn’t stay. I’ll do the work myself.

  3. Your friend is going to park his car where there is a no-parking sign. – You mustn’t park your car here. There’s a no-parking sign.

  4. Your friend is willing to drive you somewhere. You want to walk. – You needn’t drive me anywhere. I’d like to walk.

  5. Your friend is going out and it’s going to rain. You can see he is going to leave behind his umbrella. – You mustn’t leave behind your umbrella. It looks like rain.

  6. Someone is shouting at you. It makes you angry. – You needn’t shout. I’m not deaf.

  7. Your friend is trying to help you with the packing. You like to do things yourself. – You needn’t help me with the packing. I like to do things myself.

  8. Your brother is going to make a fire in the forest. – You mustn’t make a fire in the forest. It’s dangerous.


Ex. IV Express absence of necessity using either ‘didn’t need to do sth’ or

needn’t have done sth’ as the situation requires.

Model:

1. – He didn’t take his umbrella because the sun was shining.

He didn’t need to take his umbrella.

2. – He bought a ticket for me, but I’ve got one.

He needn’t have bought a ticket for me.


  1. We were rather rude to him. I think we hurt him. – We needn’t have been so rude to him.

  2. Mr. Walker bought a washing machine for cash though he could have bought it on hire purchase. – Mr. Walker needn’t have bought the washing machine for cash.

  3. Jane didn’t book hotel accommodation because she put up at her uncle’s. – Jane didn’t need to book hotel accommodation.

  4. He carried the suitcases himself, but there was a porter in the hall. – He needn’t have carried the suitcases himself.

  5. Catherine seemed to know everything, so I didn’t go into details. – I didn’t need to go into details.

  6. I was going to ring up my mother, but she unexpectedly came to see us. – I didn’t need to ring up my mother.


Ex. V Change the following sentences using the modal ‘to be to’.

Remember that in combination with the Perfect Infinitive, this modal

denotes an unfulfilled action.

Model:

1. – The meeting is supposed to begin at five.

The meeting is to begin at five.

2. – She was supposed to send the letter but had no time to do it.

She was to have sent the letter.

  1. The chambermaid is supposed to wake him up at six. – The chambermaid is to wake him up at six.

  2. It was arranged that Peter would give you a lift. – Peter was to give you a lift.

  3. It was Nick’s duty to find out their terms for bed and breakfast, but he didn’t. – Nick was to have found out their terms for bed and breakfast.

  4. The house is intended to be pulled down. – The house is to be pulled down.

  5. Mr. Rock’s wife asked him to withdraw money from the bank, but he didn’t. – Mr. Rock was to have withdrawn money from the bank.

  6. It was arranged that a new supermarket would be opened here next year. – A new supermarket is to be opened here next year.


Ex. VI Express circumstantial necessity or lack of it. Use the modal

to have to’.

Model:

1. – It was necessary for him to take a taxi. He was in a hurry.

He had to take a taxi.

2. – It wasn’t necessary for her to get up early.

She didn’t have to get up early.

  1. It was necessary for Mary to lose weight. He clothes became too tight. – Mary had to lose weight.

  2. It was necessary for Roger to take the sweater back to the shop. He found a flaw in it. – Roger had to take the sweater back to the shop.

  3. It wasn’t necessary for Mary to buy a TV-set on hire purchase. She had enough money to buy it for cash. – Helen didn’t have to buy a TV set on hire purchase.

  4. It was necessary for Alex to withdraw 3,000 roubles from his bank account. He was going to buy a DVD-player. – Alex had to withdraw 3,000 roubles from his bank account.

  5. It was necessary for Bob to budget carefully in order not to plunge himself into debt. – Bob had to budget carefully.

  6. It wasn’t necessary for Jim to alter his suit. It was still a good fit. – Jim didn’t have to alter his suit.


Ex. VII Express duty, obligation or advisability using the modal verb

should’.

Model: – Mary wants to lose weight. It’s necessary for her to take more

exercise.

That’s right. She should take more exercise.

  1. James wants to catch an early train. It’s necessary for him to set the alarm-clock. – That’s right. He should set the alarm-clock.

  2. Lucy’s mother feels rather lonely. It’s necessary for Lucy to write to her more often. – That’s right. She should write to her more often.

  3. Nelly wants to improve her pronunciation. It’s necessary for her to work hard. – That’s right. She should work hard.

  4. John is rather arrogant. It’s necessary for him to consider other people’s opinion as well. – That’s right. He should consider other people’s opinion as well.

  5. It’s necessary for Paul to visit his friend at the hospital more often. – That’s right. He should visit him more often.

  6. George wants to drive himself, but it’s necessary for him to learn the traffic regulations first. – That’s right. He should learn the traffic regulations first.

  7. Mother wants to wash the dress in hot water, but it’s necessary for her to read the washing instruction first. – That’s right. She should read the washing instruction first.



Supposition, Doubt, Uncertainty
Ex. I Listen and repeat.

  1. John must be in his study now.

  2. Nick must have overslept the lecture.

  3. She may be having breakfast now.

  4. They must have borrowed a lot of money to buy a car.

  5. Mary can’t be over thirty.

  6. Peter can’t have been so rude.


Ex. II Answer the following questions using the modal verb ‘must

to express a supposition bordering on assurance, which refers to

the past.

Model: – Why didn’t Douglas shave today? Was he in a hurry?

Yes, he must have been in a hurry.

Why didn’t Peter watch the sports coverage on TV? Was he tired? – Yes, he must have been tired.

  1. What made him do up his room? Was it really messy? – Yes, it must have been quite messy.

  2. Why did Mr. Tweed put up at his friend’s? Was the hotel packed full? – Yes, it must have been packed full.

  3. Why did George turn off the TV set? Was the concert so dull? – Yes, it must have been really dull.

  4. Why did Frank leave all of a sudden? Did he receive any bad news? – Yes, he must have received some bad news.

  5. Why didn’t Alice eat the pudding? Was she unwell? – Yes, she must have been unwell.


Ex. III Express strong supposition using the modal verb ‘must’ and the

proper form of the Infinitive.

Model:

1. – Evidently, he’s at home.

He must be at home.

2. – Surely, she’s working at her lecture now.

She must be working at her lecture now.

3. – Probably John called on them last week.

John must have called on them last week.

  1. Evidently, he lost your telephone number. – He must have lost your telephone number.

  2. She is probably speaking on the telephone. – She must be speaking on the telephone.

  3. Surely, Peter is a good interpreter. – Peter must be a good interpreter.

  4. Evidently, she forgot to stick a stamp on the envelope. – She must have forgotten to stick a stamp on the envelope.

  5. Evidently, the telephone number was engaged. – The telephone number must have been engaged.

  6. Nick is probably reading the contract now. – Nick must be reading the contract now.

  7. Surely, that was just a slip of the tongue. – It must have been a slip of the tongue.


Ex. IV Express uncertainty using the modal verb ‘may’ with the proper form

of the Infinitive.

Model:

1. – Perhaps Paul is very upset.

Paul may be very upset.

2. – Maybe they’re still dancing.

They may still be dancing.

3. – It is possible that our neighbours have left the town.

They may have left the town.

4. – Perhaps they have been staying at this hotel for more than a week.

They may have been staying at this hotel for more than a week.

  1. It’s probable that Roger knows the answer. – Roger may know the answer.

  2. Perhaps Peter is listening to Beethoven’s fifth symphony now. – Peter may be listening to Beethoven’s fifth symphony now.

  3. Maybe the Browns have rented a car for their holidays. – The Browns may have rented a car for their holidays.

  4. He has probably been trying to reach you on the phone all the time. – He may have been trying to reach you on the phone all the time.

  5. It’s possible that he has left the book at home. – He may have left the book at home.

  6. It’s possible that this machine is out of order. – This machine may be out of order.

  7. Maybe he’s having lunch at the local café now. – He may be having lunch at the local café now.

  8. Perhaps the wire has been cut. – The wire may have been cut.


Ex. V In response to the following, express your supposition. Use the modal

verb ‘may’ with the Perfect Infinitive and the words suggested.

Model: – Why did Lucy choose a red dress? Perhaps it was highly in

fashion?

Yes, it may have been highly in fashion.

  1. Why didn’t Nick consult the sales manager on this matter? Perhaps she was busy at the moment? – Yes, she may have been busy at the moment.

  2. Why didn’t Mary buy that dress? Perhaps she was short of money? – Yes, she may have been short of money.

  3. Why didn’t Nick send the letter yesterday? Maybe he had a lot of work to do. – Yes, he may have had a lot of work to do.

  4. Why didn’t Mr. File sign the contract? – Perhaps he didn’t approve of the terms? – Yes, he may not have approved of the terms.

  5. Why didn’t the Greens rent that flat? Perhaps it needed too much doing up? – Yes, it may have needed too much doing up.

  6. Why did John go to the party alone? Perhaps his wife fell ill. – Yes, his wife may have fallen ill.

  7. Why didn’t Ann buy the blouse after all? Maybe the colour was too bright? – Yes, it may have been too bright.

  8. Why didn’t Bill go to his sister’s wedding? Perhaps he was still angry with her? – Yes, he may still have been angry with her.


Ex. VI Deny the following as something unbelievable or impossible. Use

the modal verb ‘can’ with the proper form of the Infinitive.

Model:

1. – I’m sure she’s right.

Nonsense! She can’t be right.

2. – Michael is playing tennis now.

Nonsense! Michael can’t be playing tennis now.

3. – She was rude to her manager.

Nonsense! She can’t have been rude to her manager.

  1. They’re still looking for a flat to rent. – Nonsense! They can’t still be looking for a flat to rent.

  2. The Browns have bought a new car. – Nonsense! They can’t have bought a new car.

  3. John’s dog bit an elderly lady. – Nonsense! It can’t have bitten an elderly lady.

  4. They charge a hundred pounds per night at this hotel. – Nonsense! They can’t charge a hundred pounds per night at this hotel.

  5. Mary has failed her exam in mathematics. – Nonsense! She can’t have failed her exam in mathematics.

  6. The bridge is still being repaired. – Nonsense! It can’t still be repaired.

  7. He cancelled his press-conference. – Nonsense! He can’t have cancelled his press-conference.

  8. Our PR-specialist is playing golf with his friends now. – Nonsense! He can’t be playing golf with his friends now.


Ex. VII Express strong doubt or uncertainty regarding the situation.Use

the modal verb ‘can’ with the proper form of the Infinitive.

Model:

1. – She’s very unhappy in her marriage.

Well, can she really be unhappy in her marriage?

2. – Peter said he would never speak to Fred again?

Well, can he really have said it?

3. – Bob is playing football in the yard.

Well, can he really be playing football in the yard?*

  1. He gave us the wrong telephone number. – Well, can he really have given us the wrong telephone number?

  2. Ann is very naïve. –Well, can she really be so naïve?

  3. Walter has enjoyed this terrible concert. –Well, can he really have enjoyed it?

  4. He is still lecturing at Moscow University. –Well, can he still be lecturing at Moscow University?

  5. Mary stole the charitable foundation’s money before leaving for Latin America. –Well, can she really have stolen the charitable foundation’s money before leaving for Latin America?

  6. They’re still debating the problem. –Well, can they really still be debating the problem?

  7. I’m sure girls like such stories. – Well, can they really like such stories?

  8. Little Donald is smoking his father’s pipe now. – Well, can he really be smoking his father’s pipe now?



Reproach, Disapproval, Persistence
Ex. I Listen and repeat.

  1. You might have been more understanding.

  2. Peter shouldn’t have broken the news so soon.

  3. You ought to have warned me about the test.

  4. The door won’t open!

  5. The patient wouldn’t listen to the doctor’s recommendations.

  6. The engine won’t start!


Ex. II Express your reproach using the modal verb ‘might’ with the

Perfect Infinitive.

Model: – The secretary didn’t warn us about the change in the time-table.

Well, she might have warned us about the change in the time-table.

  1. Albert didn’t book a room for us. – Well, he might have booked a room for us.

  2. The chambermaid didn’t tidy up the room. – Well, she might have tidied up the room.

  3. The shop assistant wasn’t very polite to the customer. – Well, she might have been more polite to the customer.

  4. Mrs. Brown didn’t pay too much attention to her son. – Well, she might have paid more attention to him.

  5. The man didn’t introduce himself. – Well, he might have introduced himself.

  6. He didn’t tell us the movie was so boring. – Well, he might have told us the movie was so boring.

  7. Andrew didn’t come to our hosewarming party. – Well, he might have come to our hosewarming party.

  8. Peter hasn’t had his car repaired yet. – Well, he might have had it repaired.


Ex. III Express your disapproval of something done wrong or not done at all.

Use the modal verb ‘should’.

Model: – It was his duty to do that at once, but he failed.

He should have done it at once.

  1. I was to have sent her a telegram, but I sent a letter. – You should have sent her a telegram.

  2. It was the driver’s duty to check the brakes before setting off, but he didn’t. – The driver should have checked the brakes before setting off.

  3. It was necessary for John to quit smoking, but he didn’t. – He should have quitted smoking.

  4. It was necessary for him to wait a little bit longer, but he didn’t. – He should have waited a little bit longer.

  5. Bob was to have consulted the sales manager on that problem, but he didn’t. – Bob should have consulted the sales manager on that problem.

  6. It was necessary for him to leave a message for her, but he didn’t. – He should have left a message for her.

  7. Henry was expected to visit his sick friend at the hospital, but he didn’t. – He should have visited his sick friend at the hospital.

  8. It was necessary for Helen to go on a diet, but she didn’t. – She should have gone on a diet.


Ex. IV Disapprove of a past action using ‘ought (not) to’ +

the Perfect Infinitive.

Model: – He borrowed my umbrella, but he didn’t ask permission.

Well, he ought to have asked permission.

  1. Fred had an accident because he drove too fast. – Well, he ought not to have driven so fast.

  2. The traffic lights turned red, but the driver didn’t stop at the crossroads. – Well, he ought to have stopped at the crossroads.

  3. He left in a hurry and didn’t switch off the iron. – Well, he ought to have switched off the iron.

  4. He was badly hurt because he hadn’t fastened his safety belt. – Well, he ought to have fastened his seat belt.

  5. A woman was knocked down because she wasn’t crossing the road on the zebra crossing. – Well, she ought to have crossed the road on the zebra crossing.

  6. The woman wasn’t taken to hospital. She decided to go home. – Well, she ought to have been taken to hospital. She ought not to have gone home.

  7. Fred didn’t follow the doctor’s advice. – Well, he ought to have followed the doctor’s advice.

  8. He didn’t take the medicine prescribed to him. – Well, he ought to have taken the medicine prescribed to him.


Ex. V Say that something is not functioning the way it should, or that

somebody persists in not doing something. Use ‘won’t’.

Model: – The car refuses to start.

The car won’t start.

  1. The stain refuses to come out. – The stain won’t come out.

  2. The TV set refuses to work. – The TV set won’t work.

  3. My pen refuses to write. – My pen won’t write.

  4. My ring refuses to come off. – My ring won’t come off.

  5. She refuses to admit it. – She won’t admit it.

  6. The dog refuses to stop barking. – The dog won’t stop barking.

  7. The picture refuses to hang straight. – The picture won’t hang straight.

  8. The child refuses to eat porridge. – The child won’t eat porridge.


Ex. VI Use the modal verb ‘would’ to express persistence.

Model: – We tried to change the subject, but she persisted in talking about

her illness.

We tried to change the subject, but she would talk about

her illness.


  1. Helen’s mother asked her not to keep late hours, but she persisted in reading books at night. – Helen’s mother asked her not to keep late hours, but she would read books late at night.

  2. George felt very tired, but he persisted in sitting up late. – George felt very tired, but he would sit up late.

  3. There seemed to be a fault on the line, but Mary persisted in trying to get through. – There seemed to be a fault on the line, but Mary would try to get through.

  4. The hat didn’t become Lucy very much, but she persisted in buying it. – The hat didn’t become Lucy very much, but she would buy it.

  5. The price was pretty high, but Albert persisted in renting the flat. – The price was pretty high, but Albert would rent the flat.

  6. Mary realized that she was wrong, but she persisted in demanding her money back. – Mary realized that she was wrong, but she would demand her money back.



4.3 A s s e s s m e n t T e s t s
T e s t I Insert suitable modal verbs or their equivalents.

1. ___ you read and write when you went to school?

2. The jacket needs shortening. The tailor ___ make it right.

3. I hope you ___ to join us later.

4. He ___ to stay at his cousin’s during his winter holidays.

5. You ___ come back tomorrow.

6. At the hospital they told me that I ___ wait till the operation was over.

7. You ___ not cross the street at the red light.

8. The teacher said that we ___ to write the test on Tuesday.

9. Should I tell you my telephone number? – No, you ___, I remember it.

10. "You ___ go there sometimes," he advised Susan. "You ___ see the

sights of London."

11. He ___ to care about his elderly mother. She was very weak after the

operation.

12. I ___ to return the books to the library before my summer holidays.

13. The roads were slippery and Peter ___ to drive carefully.

14. "You ___ to stay in bed until I allow you to get up," the doctor said.

15. The plane arrives at 8 p.m. We ___ to leave quite soon to be at the

airport in time.

16. The furniture ___ to be delivered on Monday.

17. Do you think we ___ to review verbals and modals for our exam?

18. Very pressed for time, he ___ to postpone his interview with her twice.
T e s t II Proud of your modals?

Choose only one of the four variants to complete the sentence correctly.
1. We got up at four in the morning as we ... make a very early start.

a) were to b) had to c) ought to d) could

2. This coat's far too loose. You ... take it in.

a) will have to b) are to c) should d) must

3. They ... try to be here before the class starts.

a) would have b) should c) should have d) ought

4. I'll do these assignments as fast as I ...

a) can't b) can c) must d) may

5. How much did you ... to pay for parking?

a) have b) ought c) able d) need

6. He was angry and ... control his feelings.

a) wasn't able b) couldn't c) wasn't allowed d)shouldn't

7. Alex wants to study history at the University of Oxford, so he ... to

work hard this year.

a) has to b) will have to c) should d) need

8. He said he ... smoke in the room.

a) may b) is allowed to c) might d) could

9. If you hurry now, you ... catch the train.

a) can b) will be able to c) have to d) will have to

10. We ... go any more because we were dog-tired.

a) couldn't b) dare not c) were not able d) shouldn't

T e s t III Which of the four statements after each sentence shows its

meaning best?

1. You ought to have gone there, Monica.

a) Monica went there.

b) Monica might have gone there.

c) Monica didn't go there.

d) Monica must have gone there.

2. She might go to London tomorrow.

a) She was given permission to go.

b) She wasn't going to go.

c) It is unlikely she will go.

d) It is possible she will go.

3. She mustn't go there.

a) She needn't.

b) She hasn't got to.

c) She is not to.

d) She didn't.

4. He can't drive a car.

a) He is not allowed to.

b) He is unable to.

c) He doesn't know how to.

d) He ought not to.

5. You should take exercise regularly.

a) You are advised to.

b) You are willing to.

c) You are prohibited to.

d) You are not to.

6. You needn't go yet.

a) You don't need to go yet.

b) You are supposed to wait.

c) You dare not go.

d) You never go.

7. She can't have been as ill as all that!

a) She hasn't been able to.

b) She may not have been.

c) I'm sure she wasn't.

d) She wasn't ill at all.

8. They would not clean his car.

a) They didn't have to.

b) They were unwilling to.

c) They needn't.

d) They were not to.
T e s t IV Choose a suitable modal verb or its equivalent to complete

each sentence.

1. Personal computers of the model you require ... be delivered to you in May.

a) can b) may c) must

2. Dave is a good swimmer. He ... swim like a fish.

a) may b) need c) can

3. The door was locked and the child ... open it.

a) couldn't b) shouldn't c) might not

4. I'm sorry I couldn't come yesterday. I ... work late.

a) was to b) might c) had to

5. Whatever you do, you ... touch that switch. It's very dangerous.

a) mustn't b) needn't c) may not

6. She ... get up so early. She gets up early because she prefers to.

a) mustn't b) doesn't have to c) shouldn't

7. This dictionary is very valuable. You ... look after it very carefully and

you ... lose it.

a) must b) should c) ought to

a) mustn't b) needn't c) can't

8. You ... come if you don't want to, but I hope you will.

a) mustn't b) needn't c) shouldn't

9. You've been coughing a lot lately. You ... smoke so much.

a) shouldn't b) needn't c) can

10. If you are going to visit Spain, you ... learn a few words of Spanish

before you go there.

a) should b) must c) need

11. I'm not sure where to go for my holiday, but I ... go to Greece.

a) may b) must c) ought to

12. Carol hasn’t decided yet but she ... take up a secreterial course.

a) might b) must c) can
T e s t V Name the modals and their possible forms according to the

description.

1. It is used to express unavoidable obligation.

2. It is used to speak of a planned action that was not carried out.

3. It implies a waste of time or effort.

4. It can express supposition with reference to the future.

5. It can express reproach only in affirmative sentences.

6. It expresses obligation arising out of circumstances.

7. It is used in the form of advice.

8. It often implies a warning or a threat of possible bad consequences.

9. It can be used to express intention.

10. It can express supposition only in negative and interrogative

sentences.


SUPPLEMENT


SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS AND EXERCISES

1   ...   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11   ...   14

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