Т. A. Бойцова, Л. E. Кондаурова, A. В. Соснин

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‘May’, ‘Can’ – Asking for Permission

The form: may (present) – might (past) – to be allowed to (future)

I see your car is broken. You may use mine (permission and possibility).

The meaning:

Asking for permission:

1. May I go now? (formal and polite) – Yes, you may. / No, you may not.

2. Can I go now? (less formal) – Yes you can. / No, you can’t.

To sound more democratic and easy-going, answer ‘Yes you can / No, you can’t’ in example 1. To state your authority, answer ‘Yes, you may / No, you may not’ in example 2.

3. May I open the window? – Please, do.
With reference to the future, permission is expressed with the help of ‘to be allowed to’ or ‘to be permitted to’: I think they will be allowed to go with us.

Use ‘might’ in indirect speech: Mother said that I might go for a walk.

‘May’ and ‘Might’ are used in the following set phrases:

if I may say so (если можно так сказать, так сказать);

as soon as may be (очень скоро, с минуты на минуту);

May you be happy! (Да сопутствует вам счастье!).
Ex. I Make up sentences by analogy.

1. May I stay away from classes tomorrow?

2. If you have copied the text you may go home.

3. It stopped raining and Father told us that we might go out.

4. He wondered if he would be allowed to go on a picnic with us.

5. As soon as he was allowed not to keep to a diet he went to the

restaurant and ordered his favourite roastbeef and chips.

Ex.II Use ‘may’, ‘might’, ‘to be allowed to’.

1. ... I have another piece of cake.

2. I asked the doctor if I ... go out.

3. After they had finished doing their homework the children ... watch TV.

4. He ... continue playing football as soon as he is through with his

medical examination.

5. You ... join us in the theatre if you like.

6. ... children play with matches?

7. Pupils ... make notes with a pencil.

8. She is a lazybones. Her mother told her she ... go anywhere.

9. I'm afraid I ... go with you to the theatre. The play will be over too late.

10. I believe we ... cross the street in this place.
Ex.III Translate into English.

Директор сказал, что мы не можем ходить на работу в чем угодно.

Мы обязаны соблюдать дресс-код.

Почему вы злитесь? Я думала, мне можно читать любую из этих книг.
Ей в самом деле долго не разрешали вставать после операции?
Моя подруга всегда разрешает мне пользоваться ее мобильным телефоном.
Какому студенту разрешат разговаривать на лекции?
Когда я была младше, родители редко позволяли мне гулять одной.
Поскольку он отличный студент, он может заниматься по индивидуальному графику.
Она считала, что он может ничего не делать по дому – лишь бы зарабатывал деньги.
Вы, безусловно, можете совмещать работу и учебу, но подумайте об экзаменах.
Лишь отличным студентам разрешается сдавать зачеты и экзамены досрочно.

Ex.IV Use ‘may’, ‘can’ and their equivalents in the required tense-forms.

1. I ... finish the work tomorrow if nobody bothers me.

2. "... see your tickets, please," asked the usher.

3. Let me look at the task. I'm afraid. I ... help you.

4. In our library you ... get nearly every book you need.

5. Do you really believe he ... do it?

6. You ... come in only when you have taken off your boots.

7. When ... you come and see me? – You ... expect me on Saturday.

8. ... find anything to eat in the refrigerator?

9. You ... wear this dress. I don’t need it, as it doesn't fit me.

10. Something was wrong with the washing machine. She ... switch it on.
Ex.V Read the dialogue and analyse different modal meanings.

Jim: Hi, Alice. How are you getting on?

Alice: Fine, as usual, thanks, Jim. What about you?

Jim: I'm O.K. It's nice to see you.

Alice: You too. I'm glad you are not in a hurry and we have time to talk today.

Jim: Sure.

Alice: Can you give me a piece of advice?

Jim: Well, I'll try if I can.

Alice: You know I've been always good at cooking. It interests me. I am

thinking of starting my own business-cafe.

Jim: It might be a good idea.

Alice: I guess I must learn about the responsibilities of going into business.

Jim: Are you going into this business by yourself?

Alice: Exactly. I'd like to have a cafe with my name on it where I make the

decisions and where I control the profits.

Jim: You seem to be resolute, so I'll try to help you. If you go into business

alone, it is called sole proprietorship. In such case you needn’t

consult a lawyer to form the business. You can start or you can stop

your business whenever you like.

Alice: It sounds encouraging. What else can you tell me?

Jim: There is no need to consult partners or a board of directors. So you

can put your policies into effect quickly. You decide on your vacation,

hours, salary, hiring and firing.

Alice: Well, that's not bad.

Jim: Wait a moment. I believe I have to tell you about the risk involved.

Alice: What do you mean?

Jim: First of all, the most important risk is that you have unlimited liability.

It means that you are responsible for all your business debts.

Alice: So if the business fails, I have to declare personal bankruptcy, don't I?

Jim: That's what I mean. You can lose your personal assets.

Alice: Well, it’s rather disappointing. What other things should I know?

Jim: You won't get tax benefits, which partnership or corporations can get.

Alice: I know about it. By the way, do you know of a good accountant to

do my taxes?

Jim: Of course. You'll also have to hire a good book-keeper if you can't do

your books yourself.

Alice: I can’t say anything definite about that. I have to think it over. What

else, Jim?

Jim: Well, I am a bit hungry, why don't we have a snack together and

discuss the things in the cafe.

Alice: You are right as usual. Let's go.

(O. Antonov, English for Businessmen, 1991)

Ex.VI Answer the following questions.

1. What kind of advice did Alice need? Could Jim give her any?

2. What did Jim think he had to warn Alice about?

3.What other things did Alice have to know before starting her own

business-cafe?

4. Could Alice do her books?

5. Whom did Alice have to hire to do her books?
Ex.VII Make up a dialogue by analogy.

3.3 S h o u l d, O u g h t t o, M i g h t

Expressing Reproach
The form: might + Perfect Infinitive

should + Perfect Infinitive

ought to + Perfect Infinitive

The Russian equivalent: мог бы, (не) следовало бы, нужно было бы,

должен был бы

You might have carried the parcel for me.

You ought to have done it yourself.

You shouldn't have left it till the last moment.
In combination with the Perfect Infinitive, ‘should’ and ‘ought to’ show that a desirable action was not fulfilled, whereas ‘should not’ and ‘ought not to’ show that an undesirable action was fulfilled.

You should have fed the cat (but you didn’t). – Вам следовало покормить кота.

You ought not to have driven so fast (but you did). – Вам не следовало ехать так быстро.
In the meaning of reproach, ‘might’ can only be used in affirmative sentences.

Ex.I Listed below are evaluative adjectives. Use them to express reproach.

Model: Bob Smith is a snob of the worst kind. He should have been more

friendly and easy-going with his business partners.
brutish mean irresponsible spoilt

snobbish vain prejudiced absent-minded

bossy cruel rude bitchy

foxy selfish stubborn aggressive

uncultured unfriendly hypocritical arrogant
Ex.II Express your reproach. Combine the modal verbs ‘should’, ‘ought

to' and ‘might’ with the right form of the Infinitive.
1. You ... (to keep) regular hours. See how pale you are!

2. You ... (to have) a balanced diet. You're putting on weight.

3. She ... (to tell) a lie. It brought her a lot of trouble.

4. You ... (to stay) inside all day. The weather was beautiful yesterday.

5. Bob ... (to marry) Christine. Now he is unhappy.

6. It is very cold in the room. You ... (to open) the window.

7. You ... (to tell) me Ann wasn't coming for dinner.

8. Surely, you ... (to keep) this news from us till this very moment.

9. Don't you think we ... (to stay) and (to thank) the hosts?

10. You ... (to warn) me not to make a left turn there, now it's too late.

Provide possible answers.
Ex.III Translate into English.

Ему не следовало лететь туда самолетом. Билеты очень дорогие.
Вам следует есть пищу, насыщенную белками (protein-rich food), а не углеводами (carbohydrates). Она намного полезнее.
Вы могли бы и сказать мне, что расписание изменили. Мне не пришлось бы приходить так рано.
Вам не следовало сидеть на диете. Сейчас бы вы не жаловались на слабость.
Олег мог бы помочь вам с грамматикой. Ведь он прекрасно в ней разбирается.
Вам следовало разработать рекламные проспекты еще на прошлой неделе. Теперь мы не сможем начать рекламную кампанию вовремя.
Тебе не следовало ходить на дискотеку. Теперь, наверняка, не успеешь написать эссе.
Нам следовало бы написать Ольге и пригласить ее провести каникулы с нами.
Не надо было брать столько теплых вещей. В это время здесь всегда тепло.
Вам следовало прочитать эти книги еще в школе.

Ex. IV  [06] Listen to the following dialogue and analyse the use of

‘should’ and‘ought to’.

John: What time should we leave?

George: We should leave now if we want to be there before the kick-off.

John: Are we taking a taxi?

George: We ought not to. We can’t afford it. But we must if we don’t want to

be late.

John: Is Mary coming?

George: No, she isn’t.

John: Have you asked her?

George: No, I haven’t.

John: You ought to, you know.

George: Why should I? We’re under no obligation to take her with us

wherever we go. And in any case, she doesn’t like football.

John: I know she doesn’t. We ought to consider her a bit more than we do.

We should take her out more frequently.

George: Why should we?

John: Because she has us to dinner at least five times a week. We shouldn’t

accept so much hospitality without trying to repay it.

George: You’re right, we shouldn’t. Have you finished your work?

John: No, I haven’t. I ought to have typed three more letters. I ought to have

phoned my stock-broker. I ought to have read the minutes of

yesterday’s meeting. Have you finished yours?

George: No, I haven’t. I should have wired our agent in Paris. I should have

sent off the box of spare parts. I should have interviewed applicants

for the sales manager’s job. I must do all this first thing on Monday. And I really ought not to be going to this football game.

John: Why not?

George: I should be studying for my exam next week.

John: So should I. We ought to put work before pleasure.

George: It’s not a case of ‘ought’. We must if we want to get through!
Ex. V Reproduce the dialogue following the speakers’ pronunciation and

intonation.
Ex. VI Make up a dialogue by analogy using the same grammar patterns.
Ex. VII Comment on the use of ‘should’ and ‘ought to’ in the following text.

Make up a similar situation.

Before buying this new machinery, I think we should discuss things more carefully with the other members of the committee. We should really receive their approval before taking such a step. I suppose we ought to have brought it up at the last meeting, but at the time I did not think it was necessary. I ought to have consulted our technical advisor and I should have asked him to submit a report.

Ex.VIII  [07] Listen to the following dialogue and analyse the use of

modal verbs.

FIND THE CULPRIT

Mr.Fielding: Hello, Charles. I hear you had a bit of a fire after the party

last week. Was there much damage?

Mr.Williams: Well, fortunately we managed to confine all the damage to

the one room, so it wasn't too bad really. The carpets and

curtains were ruined, and the walls and ceiling were

blackened by smoke, so we had to redecorate the room

completely.

Mr.Fielding: It must have been a cigarette-end, I suppose.

Mr.Williams: Yes, that's for sure. Someone must have dropped a cigarette

on the carpet near the big window, and after we'd gone the

curtains caught fire. We ought to have checked everything

before going to bed, I know, but we were so tired we decided

to clear up in the morning. We shouldn't have left the

windows open either.

Mr.Fielding: Have you any idea who the culprit was? It was very careless

of someone.

Mr.Williams: It might have been Ted Radman. He's a chainsmoker and he'd

had one or two too many.

Mr.Fielding: It can't have been me anyway; I'm a non-smoker. But it may

well have been old Bill Coleman. The more I think about it, the

more I feel sure that he was standing by that window most of

the time towards the end of the party.

Mr.Williams: So he was! And he's a careless sort of chap – he flicks his

cigarette ash all over the place. And the more he drinks the

worse he gets.

Mr.Fielding: Still, you can't very well accuse him of it – it could have been

anyone.

Mr.Williams: True. Besides, I can't complain – our room was repainted at

the insurance company's expense.

Ex. IX Answer the following questions.

1. Who had to redecorate the room completely? Why?

2. What caused the fire?

3. What ought to have been done?

4. Who could have been the culprit?

5. Why couldn't Mr.Williams complain?

Ask questions of your own.
Ex. X Reproduce the dialogue following the speakers’ pronunciation and

intonation.
Ex. XI Compose a similar dialogue using modal verbs.
Ex.XII Are these intensifiers about your friends?

Use them to help you express supposition, reproach, or disbelief.

admirably modest sharply critical

fantastically lucky pitifully inadequate

extremely happy fairly incompetent

absolutely necessary completely selfish

deeply anxious utterly untrue

amazingly expensive deplorably uninteresting

Model: - Why was Dave a sorry sight at the exam?

- He must have been fairly incompetent on the problem and made

a poor display of himself.

- Could he have been found pitifully inadequate?! He, who has

always seemed to be highly intelligent and amazingly well-read.

1. What made her leave so soon?

2. Why was the project turned down?

3. She is everything people don't like in a colleague. What is it?

4. What makes you think I'll actually like her?

Ask questions by analogy.

3.4 S h a l l

Making Suggestions, Asking for Instruction
The form: Shall I / we

The meaning:

‘Shall’ is used to express suggestion or ask for instructions. In this meaning, ‘shall’ is used in interrogative sentences, with ‘I’ or ‘we’ as the subject.

Shall I phone or send a fax? (i.e. Do you want me to…) – Мне позвонить или отправить факс?

Shall I close the door? – Мне закрыть дверь?

Shall we go there at once? – Нам сразу же идти туда?

Ex.I Complete the sentences.

1. I don't feel good. Shall I...?

2. We are hungry. Shall we...?

3. I don't like my job. Shall I...?

4. It's too stuffy in here. Shall I...?

5. The flat is in an awful mess. Shall I...?

6. I don't know what this word means. Shall I...?

7. There is a meeting tonight, but I really don't want to go. What shall I...?

8. I'd like to eat out tonight. Shall we...?

9. My eyesight is getting worse. Shall I...?

10. Our stocks of raw materials are getting low. Shall we...?

Use the sentences in short dialogues.
Ex.II Translate into English.

1. Мне помочь вам отослать сообщение?

2. Мне убрать со стола?

3. Что же мне делать, если я не сдам экзамен?

4. Текст переводить?

5. Читать?

6. Нам зайти в супермаркет на обратном пути?

7. Торт украсить фруктами или шоколадом?

8. Мне сначала приготовить ужин или уроки?

9. У меня страшно болит голова. Принять таблетку или пойти

прогуляться?

10. Чем нам заняться сегодня вечером? Пригласить Женю в гости или

самим сходить к ней?
3.5 C a n / C o u l d, W i l l / W o u l d,

M a y / M i g h t

Polite Requests
The form: Can/Could I, May/Might I, Will/Would you, Can/Could you

The meaning: (polite) request

Can I keep your CD till Monday?

‘May I’ and ‘Could I’ are equally polite.

‘Can I’ is used informally and is not considered as polite as ‘May I’ or

‘Could I’.

May I open the window?

- Yes, you may (the standard, rather formal reply)

- Yes, you can (a more democratic reply)

- Yes, you must (statement of necessity to perform the action)
- No, you may not (the standard, rather formal refusal).

- No, you can’t (a more democratic refusal, or statement of impossibility

to perform the action due to external factors)

- No, you mustn’t (prohibition)
‘Might I’ is formal and polite, but it is used much less frequently than ‘May I’ or ‘Could I’.

‘Will you’ and ‘Would you’ are both polite. ‘Would you’ is still more polite.

Compare:

Would you pass me the salt? = Do you want to do this, please?

Could you pass me the salt? = Do you want to do this, please,

and is it possible for you to do it?
Ex.I Complete the sentences.

1. I've left my textbook at home. May I...?

2. There is no chalk. Could you...?

3. I feel thirsty. Will you...?

4. We've run out of bread. Can you...?

5. I'd like some more salad. Could you...?

6. Paul doesn't want to speak with me. Will you...?

7. I can't stand tobacco smell. Could you..?

8. Mike is coming to visit us. Will you…?

9. I'll be busy next Sunday, I'm afraid. Might I...?

10. We are too pressed for time this week. Couldn’t we possibly...?

Use the sentences in short dialogues.
Ex.II Translate into English.

1. Не могли бы вы сделать еще кофе?

2. Вы не скажете, как пройти на почту?

3. Вам не трудно помочь мне с переводом?

4. Могу ли я взять вашу книгу?

5. Можно мне сегодня остаться дома? Я что-то неважно себя

чувствую.

6. Не будете ли вы так любезны объяснить мне это правило еще раз?

7. Мы можем помочь вам убрать со стола.

8. Можно ли нам пересдать экзамен?

9. Не могли бы вы остаться еще ненадолго? Я хотел бы вам кое-что

сказать.

10. Не могли бы вы положить ее в больницу? Боюсь, что у нее что-то

серьезное.

11. Не будете ли вы так любезны помочь мне отпереть чемодан? Что-то

случилось с замком, и он никак не открывается.

12. Могу я предложить вам чашку чая?

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Т. A. Бойцова, Л. E. Кондаурова, A. В. Соснин

‘May’, ‘Can’ – Asking for Permission

FIND THE CULPRIT

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