Методические рекомендации для студентов по дисциплине дпп. 06. «Теория и методика обучения иностранному языку»
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Info gapА Б Info gap is created by the activities when the learners are forced to exchange info in order to find a solution. Examples: guessing games Jigsaw tasks Problem-solving activitiesOpinion gap A is created by the activity, which requires the learners to describe and perhaps express and defend their views on controversial texts or ideas. Examples: Ranking exercises Values clarificationThinking strategies Opinion gap B is created by the activity which lets the learners share their feelings about an experience they have in common. Example: Discussion games Activity: identify Info gap, opinion gap A and opinion gap B. Feedback is evaluation and suggestions for improving. Authentic materials Materials such as newspaper articles, brochures, train tickets, letters, advertisements, recordings of the news, airport announcements, which were originally used in real situations and were not designed for use in language teaching. Such materials are used in the classroom to expose the learners to language in real use. The third basic principle is about emphasized areas; i.e. functions are taught more than forms. Function is a language category; it is some kind of communicative act: it is the use of language to achieve a purpose usually involving interaction between at least two people. Ex: suggestions, promising, apologizing, greeting. Very often functions are binary. The performance of one implies a certain response which is already a different function. Ex: invitations are followed by acceptance or rejection. “Unitary” functions may occur on their own: informing, for example. The other language category is a notion. It is a concept or idea; it may be quite specific – in this case it is close to the concept “topic». It may be general, and then it is close to the concept VOCABULARY. Activity: Have a look at the items. Can you sort them into separate lists of notions and functions? Notions and functions
As for the 4th basic principle, role of a teacher, let’s do the following activity. Activity: Match the role of a teacher with the stages of the lesson:
There may be more than one possibility. Activity: Match the roles of a teacher with their explanations:
Students’ feelings are also very important for Communicate Approach in Language teaching. Cooperative interaction means a spirit of group solidarity, in which everyone contributes to the process of learning, regardless of linguistic ability. Learners work with one another, not in competition with one another. Collaborative work gives students emotional security. They have to pay attention to what other students say and so they can teach and correct each other. Students have their own ideas, opinions, experiences. All of this is important to them. Students can express themselves and their individuality. Communicative Language teaching focuses on encouraging learners to express their ideas freely. All activities, even grammar practice, are based on the “here and now” of the learners. Apart from their individual interests learners bring their native language and culture to the classroom. Students who feel most warmly about a language and who want to integrate into the culture of its speakers are more highly motivated than those who are only learning language because they don’t have anything else to do. But whatever kind of motivation students have, it is clear that highly motivated students do better than ones without any motivation at all. As for the 6th basic principle: Evaluation. It includes accuracy and fluency. Let’s look at the Box “Interaction Pattern”. Activities can be controlled, semi-controlled and free. Look the terms “accuracy” and “fluency” in the glossary and say whether the types of activities refer to controlled, semi-controlled or free. eacerAc cur a c y F l uenc y   A CB D   ( ) ( ) LearnerActivity: fill in the gaps with the following words: organizer, monitor, conductor, stimulator, consultant, manager. A
B
C
D
Activity: work in groups and think of two ways of progression of skills from accuracy to fluency. Patterns of classroom interactionThe most common type of classroom interaction is known as ‘IRF’ Initiation – Response-Feedback.
There are alternative patterns: the initiative doesn’t always have to be in the hands of the teacher; and interaction may be between students. Activity
TT – teacher very active, students only receptive T – Teacher active, students mainly receptive TS – Teacher and students fairly equally active S – Students active, teacher mainly receptive SS – students very active, teacher only receptive Classroom management Aims: The students will be able to differentiate between patterns of interaction, to define suitable patterns of seating arrangement according to the pattern. The teacher’s physical presence plays a large part in the management of the classroom environment. And it's not just appearance either. However “good” or “bad” the students are, the teacher needs to manage the classroom, both in terms of his / her own presence and in the way the classroom is physically organised. The question how teachers should use their physical presence in class is under our consideration before we go on to talk about patterns of interaction and seating arrangement. There are a number of issues which influence the students’ perception of us, teachers. Proximity. Teachers should consider how close they want to be to the students they are working with. Some student’s can’t stand it if the distance between them and the teacher is too small. For others distance is a sign of coldness. Teachers should be conscious of their proximity and assess their students’ reactions to what is happening in the classroom and take it into account. Appropriacy. Deciding how closely you should work with students is a matter of appropriacy. So in general teachers sit or stand. Many teachers create an extremely friendly atmosphere when they work with students in pairs. However, some students find this informality worrying. Some teachers abroad even sit on the floor. And sometimes it may lead to a situation where students are put off from concentrating. All the positions teacher take-sitting on the edge of tables, standing behind a lectern – make strong statements about the kind of person the teacher is. It is important to consider what kind of effect such physical behaviour has so that we can behave in a way which is appropriate to the students we have and the relationship we wish to create with them. Movement. Some teachers spend most of their class time in one place – at the front of the class or to the side, or in the middle. Others spend a great deal of time walking from side to side. Although this is a matter of personal preference, it is worth remembering that motionless teachers can bore students, while teachers who constantly more can turn their students into tennis-match spectators, their heads moving from side to side until they become exhausted. Most successful teachers move around the classroom to some extent and it depends not only on her / his personal style, but on the type of the activity as well. Contact. How can teachers make contact with students? In order to manage a class successfully, the teacher has to be aware of what students are doing and, where possible, how they are feeling. This means watching and listening just as carefully as teaching. It means being able to move around the class, getting the level of proximity right, making eye contact with students, listening what they have said and responding appropriately. The teacher’s physical approach and personality in the class is one aspect of class management. Another is one of the teacher’s chief tools: the voice. There are 3 issues to bear in mind:
What’s the best seating arrangement for a class? In order to manage a class successfully, the teacher has to choose the seating arrangement appropriate to a certain activity. Orderly rows. When the students sit in rows, there are obvious advantages. The teacher has a clear view of all the students and the students can all see the teacher. It makes lecturing easy. It makes discipline easier since it is more difficult to be disruptive when you are sitting in a row. If there are aisles in the classroom, the teacher can easily walk up and down making more personal contact with students Many teachers use it to keep their students guessing. Especially where teachers need to ask individual students questions, it is important that they should not do so in order, students after student, line by line. The students know when they are going to be asked. It is much better to ask students from all parts of the room in random order. It keeps everyone on their toes! Circles and horseshoes. In smaller classes, many teachers prefer circles or horseshoes. In a horseshoe the teacher will probably be at the open end. In a circle, the teacher’s position – where the board is situated – is less dominating. With all the people in the room sitting in a circle, there is a feeling of equality. This may not be quite so true of the horseshoe shape where the teacher is often located in a central position. There is one more advantage: all the students can see each other. Separate tables. A more informal pattern of seating arrangement is when students are seated in small groups at individual table. In such classrooms you might see the teacher walking around checking the students’ work and helping, prompting or explaining something. The atmosphere in such a class is much less hierarchical than in other arrangements. It feels less like teacher and students and more like responsible adults getting in with the business of learning. However, this arrangement is not without its own problems. First, students have their preferences and they don’t always like sitting with the same group mates. Secondly, it makes ‘whole-class’ teaching more difficult. Whatever the seating arrangements in a classroom, students can be organised in different ways: they can work as a whole class, in groups, in pairs, or individually. Whole class. As you know there are many occasions when a teacher working with the class as a whole is the best type of classroom organization. This doesn’t mean that the class should sit in orderly rows; whatever the seating arrangement, the teacher can have the students focus on him or her and the task. Group work and pair work. Group work is a cooperative activity. In groups students tend to participate more equally, and they are also more able to use the language than they are in a whole – class arrangement. Pair work has many of the same advantages. The moment students get into pairs and start working or talking about something, many more of them will be doing the activity than if the teacher was working with the whole class. Both pair work and group work give the students chances for greater independence because they are working together without the teacher controlling every move. Decisions are made in cooperation, responsibilities are shared. The other great advantage of group work and pair work is that they give the teacher the opportunity to work with individual students. While groups A and C are doing one task, the teacher can spend some time with group B who need special attention. Neither group work nor pair work are without problems. Students may not like the people they are grouped or paired with. In any one group or pair, one student may dominate while the others stay silent. In difficult classes, group work may encourage students to be more disruptive, especially in a class where students are at Starter or Elementary level, they can use their first language. Solo work. This can have many advantages: it allows students to work at their own speed, allows them thinking time. Students can relax and consider their own individual needs and progress. Good teachers are able to use different class groupings for different activities and successfully use the advantages of group work – cooperation, involvement, autonomy as well as the advantages of the whole – class grouping – clarity, dramatic potential and teacher control. |
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