Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов 4 курса факультета экономики
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Where do the millions go?It costs more to keep up the lifestyleIT is rarely a bad time to be rich, but now is better than most, especially in London. Over the past few years the city has become a magnet for the global plutocracy, attracted by lavish nightlife, luxuries of all sorts, easy access to the rest of the world and, most of all, a comparatively benevolent taxman. Russian oligarchs mix with American tycoons and Middle Eastern oil magnates in what Forbes magazine, bible of the global super-rich, described last year as “a magnet for the world's billionaires”. But a study published on November 5th suggests that not all the news is good. According to Stonehage, a firm of financial advisers to London's multi-millionaires, it is costing the capital's many plutocrats much more to maintain their standard of living than it used to. They reckon that prices of luxury goods and services increased by 6% in the 12 months to July, more than twice the 2.3% rise registered on the official consumer-price index (CPI). Existing government inflation measures do not quite capture the upper-crust experience, Stonehage says. The CPI, for example, ignores many housing costs that rich and poor alike must pay, and the more comprehensive retail-price index excludes the richest 4% of consumers. Stonehage's new Affluent London Living Index is designed to fill the gap. The details are enough to make an investment banker splutter into his increasingly expensive caviar (the price of which rose 28% over the year). Rents in central London have increased by 25% since 2002. A top-line Range Rover today costs 20% more than last year's model. Fees for day pupils at Westminster (a fancy independent school) are up by 7%, and the price of a case of Lafite Rothschild by an eye-watering 117%. Leisure has grown pricier as well: two days of grouse shooting costs 8% more this season than last and an executive box at Chelsea Football Club, London's most fashionable, has risen by 25%. Robby Hilkowitz, a director of Stonehage, blames a rapid increase in the ranks of the mega-rich for pushing up prices. Exceptions there are: cars may be getting pricier but chauffeurs are no dearer than they were. Nor are fancy haircuts or membership of gentlemen's clubs. Entry-level private jets are actually 7% cheaper, although high oil prices could make the fuel bills painful. Breast implants for the high-earning woman are down 10%. Yet rising consumption costs tell only half the tale. Most of the ultra-rich have the bulk of their wealth invested, so they have benefited handsomely from the sustained boom in asset prices. The same central London house that costs 25% more to rent is worth 150% more on the market. And sympathy for the plutocrats' plight may be hard to find among the great hordes of the salaried unwashed (many of whom also live in London), whose real disposable incomes are being squeezed. Text 3 A lot of yenJapanese cities head the Economist Intelligence Unit's latest ranking of cost of living in cities around the worldSharp shifts in exchange rates in recent months have altered the relative cost of living in cities around the world. The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Worldwide Cost of Living ranking (above), is based on price data collected in September 2008, then adjusted for recent exchange-rate movements. It shows Tokyo as the world’s most expensive city, with a score of 152, closely followed by Osaka Kobe. The cheapest city is Karachi in Pakistan, with a score of 37.  This result contrasts with the ranking of September 2008 (below), which showed Oslo as the world’s most expensive city, followed by several other European cities and two in Japan: Tokyo (at sixth place) and Osaka Kobe (at eighth, shared with London). The disparity in the rankings makes it possible to see which cities have been relative winners or losers as a result of the currency dislocation. The main changes in the ranking occur among the most expensive cities. The decline of European currencies, most notably the euro, pound and the Norwegian krone, has driven a significant weakening in the relative cost of living for many European cities. Conversely, a stronger yen now means that the Japanese cities of Tokyo and Osaka have become the most expensive cities in the survey. UNIT 4. INFORMATION SOURCES READING/SPEAKING Text 1. Gathering raw data 1 It's very hard for a statistician to give an absolute answer, because probabilities are never absolute. The best you can hope for is a "reason able expectation." 2 That doesn't mean you can't use statistical techniques to make decisions, or that a probability study is worthless. Trying to answer a question may only make the question itself more complicated than you thought at first. The real value of statistical techniques is that they help you to narrow down the field of possible outcomes. Those most likely to occur can then be isolated and used for estimates of the future. 3 You may break down analysis into two categories. First is analysis of the past, the routines practiced in the field of accounting and book keeping—recording and classifying transactions and then preparing fi nancial statements. Second is analysis of the likely or possible future, which may include budgeting and forecasting, business planning, market planning, product testing, and all other questions dealing with the unknown outcome of future events. 4 Just as accountants gather information to prepare financial state ments, you can gather raw data to help with the task of predicting probable future events. A financial statement is based on certainties—the actual transactions experienced during a period of time and the current value of assets and liabilities. These facts lead to absolute conclusions. The future, though, is not as clear. Business transactions depend on how a set of raw data is interpreted, the hypothesis applied to the situation, and the estimation of likelihood for one or more possible outcomes. 5 The process of gathering information for statistical work is similar to the process of recording entries in the books. The accountant needs to capture and record every transaction for income, costs, and expenses; to arrange and report their meaning; and to anticipate the future (through planning and budgeting). Thus, the accountant works from a well-understood set of raw data. 6 The task you face in accumulating raw data may involve much less certainty. First, you must decide what raw data are valid for the projec tions you are asked to make. Second, your role as interpreter is not as structured or widely understood as the accountant's role. Example: You expect your company to automate the processing that takes place in your department within the next year. Accordingly, you begin keeping records of transaction load—time required to complete tasks, average number of transactions processed, exceptions to general procedures, probable levels of future transactions, and so forth. 7 Even with a very detailed file of raw data, you won't know whether or not it will help in answering questions likely to come up in the future—because you can't know how a problem will be addressed by someone else. For example, by keeping files on transactions, you assume that the method of automation will be based on a study of existing work load. But that doesn't ensure that it will be the approach actually taken, or that your recommendations based on transaction records will be considered valid in the decision-making process. 8 Here's a suggested approach to gathering raw data: Anticipate the questions likely to be asked in the future, the problems you expect to encounter. Then prepare accordingly. Part of your task in estimating the future involves anticipating methods for solving problems—assuming those problems are universal. These may include dealing with variances in expense accounts, hiring to avoid understaffing in the department, or changing service procedures to respond to customers during periods of sales expansion. 9 Another part of your job should deal with looking to the future to anticipate questions that haven't yet been asked. If you're able to perform this task well, you will be prepared to provide answers based on a body of facts, rather than having to do a lot of research under the pressure of deadline. You may need to overlook the possibility that your approach won't help and be ready to take a leading role in how the issue is addressed. In other words, gather your facts so that your solution simply makes sense. Example: You have had problems budgeting accurately in the past because of incomplete assumptions about some elements of certain accounts. So this year, you begin keeping records detailing what goes into the accounts you've had problems with in the past. When your next budget is prepared, you use your raw data file to prepare a more complete estimate of future expenses. EXERCISES 1. Read the following words paying attention to the proper pronunciation of the underlined vowels, consonants and the stress. thought, routine, transactions, to gather, certainties, liabilities, though, hypothesis, to capture, expenses, certainty, whether, to ensure, variances 2. Answer the following questions.
3 Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
4 Complete the following sentences using your own ideas
5. Find English equivalents in Text 1.
6. Match verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right.
7 Fill in the blanks using words from Task 6.
8. Find partners among the following words to make up a collocation.
9. Translate the following sentences using terms and collocations from the text and the previous tasks.
10 Fill in the gaps using words given below. budget scientifically occur compile forecast plan constantly suppliers loan estimate monthly Outside Sources The information you __1__ today may come from a source outside your department. For example, a marketing director gives information concerning recruitment, contact activity, and average volume to the accounting department; accounting prepares a __2__ and sends it back to marketing. The exchange of information goes on __3__. The same type of activity can take place between any two depart ments, divisions, subsidiaries, or sections. Exchanges of information can also __4__ between you and people outside the company. Example: You are preparing a section of the current year's business __5__ involving expenses in a new region. You contact __6__ and ask for current prices on a range of supplies and materials. Example: You are working on a __7__ for the treasurer's office. During the next year, management plans to seek a __8__ for $50,000. You call the company's bank to find out the probable interest rate and __9__ payments. In each instance, an outside source was contacted and asked to supply raw data. But could an __10__ be done more accurately, or more __11__ , by building a file of raw data that is more compre hensive? 11. Match the following phrasal verbs with a synonym on the right.
Fill in the missing phrasal verbs in the sentences below. Choose from the list (1-9) above. 1 The increase in raw material prices will a reduction in profits. 2 The contract to refit the cruise liner will much needed revenue. 3 Include all the relevant figures on the performance report and then __________ it ____________ for senior management. 4 The company have problems of setting realistic budgets because they have a poor accounting system. 5 The department managers have to _______________ their budgets by the end of this week. 6 Because of incomplete records, it is impossible to how the final figures were calculated. 7 It's amazing what some firms will do to___________________ paying corporate tax. 8 Profits over the last three years have increased steadily and the firm has decided to _______________ with the expansion of the business. 9 Because of large variances between the budgeted and actual costs, they should ___________________ a different method of calculating the variance. 12 Choose the correct preposition.
13 Choose the proper form of the word to complete the sentence reasonable 1 He decided not to accept the job, but without giving any _________________________. 2 We ____________________ that the terrorists would not negotiate unless we made some concessions. 3 Be _________________ - you cannot expect her to do all the work on her own! 4 They tried to make students behave ___________________. hypothesis 1 She asked me how I would deal with the problem if I were the president, but that is a purely _____________________________ situation. 2 _____________________ I could become the president of a big multinational company. 3 If we accept this __________________, it may provide an explanation for the recent oil price change. to suggest 1 Your ________________________ are unworkable. 2 I would like to ___________________ an alternative plan. 3 She is five years old and she is very _________________________. 4 It is an abstract painting _____________________ of a desert island. 14 Look at the following pair of words, spot the difference and do the task. SENSIBLE ≠ SENSITIVE Someone who has “common sense”, and does not make stupid decisions is called_______________________________. Someone who feels things easily or deeply, and may be easy hurt is called_______________________________.
15 Think of the verbs which match to the following definitions, the initial letter is given, and then use the verbs to fill in the gaps in the sentences. 1 The committee of inquiry will no ____ this information until next year. 2 Personnel information is ____ in alphabetical order. 3 Your application for a credit is being ____ now. 4 To ____ statistical information you need to use some techniques. 5 The department gradually ____ a large body of operational information. 6 Information about this car accident is not ____. Text 2. Н. Мкртчян Статистические источники информации о миграции населения в России Изучение миграционных процессов базируется в настоящее время на обширной статистической информации. В России существуют различные источники статистических данных о миграции населения. Основными из них являются переписи населения (включая микропереписи) и текущий учет. Важное значение имеет ведомственная статистика. При углубленном изучении миграции следует применять данные всех источников, добиваясь их сопоставимости и идентичности, т.к. все эти данные имеют существенные ограничения в плане полноты охвата мигрантов и миграционных потоков. Перепись населения - процесс сбора демографических и социальных данных, характеризующих каждого жителя страны или отдельного региона по состоянию на определенный момент времени. Она дает как бы моментальный снимок населения. При Всероссийской переписи населения 2002 года сведения собирались по состоянию на 0 часов 9 октября. В числе получаемых в результате проведения переписи сведений о населении, о каждом человеке (пол, дата рождения, владение языками, гражданство, национальность, брачное состояние, образовательные характеристики, источники средств к жизни, занятие, экономическая активность и т.п.) входят сведения и о миграции населения. Вопросы, на основе которых получались сведения о миграции населения, входили в программу выборочного наблюдения, в которое попадало каждое 4-е домохозяйство (или 25%). Перепись позволяет не только получить полную и достоверную информацию о населении на определенный момент времени (в соответствии с рекомендациями ООН, переписи проводятся не реже 1 раза в 10 лет), но и сопоставить между собой различные характеристики населения. Например, данные о миграции можно получить в разрезе отдельных возрастных групп, национальностей, по лицам, состоящим (не состоящим) в браке и т.п. Однако программа разработки переписей из-за больших затрат на обработку и публикацию их результатов включает ограниченные данные о миграции населения. Так, опубликованные данные о миграции, полученные в ходе проведения Микропереписи населения 1994 года, в разрезе отдельных регионов России, содержали сведения о продолжительности проживания населения в месте постоянного жительства по отдельным когортам (менее 2 лет, 2-5 лет и т.п.), по продолжительности проживания и отдельным возрастным группам (моложе трудоспособного, трудоспособного и старше трудоспособного возраста). Данные о продолжительности проживания отдельных национальностей разрабатывались только по республикам, автономным областям и округам в составе Российской Федерации. Сведения о предыдущем месте жительства и причинах миграции публиковались только для населения, проживающего в месте постоянного жительства менее 4 лет. Переписи населения регулярно проводились в России с 1897 года. В большинстве из них большое внимание уделялось получению сведений о миграции населения. В условиях практически полного отсутствия иных данных о миграции населения переписи долгое время служили практически единственным достоверным источником получения статистической информации. 1 Translate the underlined words and word combinations in the text. 2 Translate the following words and phrases without looking back to the text of the interview. перепись населения – place of permanent residence - трудоспособный возраст – on regular basis - достоверный источник – life expectancy - обработка и публикация результатов – overall and reliable information – миграционные потоки – nationality - полнота охвата – ethnic origin - сопоставимость – a large body of information - возрастная группа – expenses on processing and publicizing – в соответствии с рекомендациями ООН - source of living 3 Write a short summary of the text in English (80-100 words). 4 Study the following number writing rules. Rule 10 Normally, spell out the time of day in text even with half and quarter hours. With o'clock, the number is always spelled out. Examples: She gets up at four thirty before the baby wakes up. / The baby wakes up at five o'clock in the morning. Rule 11 Use numerals with the time of day when exact times are being emphasized or when using A.M. or P.M. Examples: Monib's flight leaves at 6:22 A.M. / Please arrive by 12:30 sharp. / She had a 7:00 P.M. deadline. Rule 12 Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine. Examples: Forty-three people were injured in the train wreck. / Twenty-three of them were hospitalized. Rule 13 Write out a number if it begins a sentence. Examples: Twenty-nine people won an award for helping their communities. Practice: Decide whether the following sentences are correct or incorrect
Listening “A census” (part 1) 1 You will hear the interview with Vladimir Leonidovich Sokolin, Head of the State Statistical Agency in 2003. As you listen, find English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Question #1 перепись, заглянуть в будущее, тенденция сокращения численности населения, воспроизводство, старение населения, быстро, смертность, трудоспособный возраст, по нашим прогнозам, итоги переписи, естественная убыль населения, продолжительность жизни Question #3 уровень жизни, охрана окружающей среды, неестественные причины смертности Question #5 по данным текущего статистического учета, мигранты из ближнего зарубежья, чрезвычайно высокий уровень рождаемости, данные текущей статистики, миграционные потоки Question #6 сколько мозгов и рабочих рук утекло, миграционный обмен с дальним зарубежьем, кандидаты и доктора наук Question #7 временно находившихся на территории РФ, но постоянно проживающих, коммерсанты, сезонные рабочие 2 Listen to the interview once again and complete the sentences using a word or a number of words. Question #1 1 According to Mr Sokolin Russia’ population will not become ___________________________. 2 To maintain population’ reproduction we need _____________ times more births than Russia has now. 3 Considering all the facts Mr Sokolin concludes that the situation _______________________. 4 Probably _____________ ___________ will determine the demographic situation in the future. 5 Now we have those who take care of the elderly because ___________ ___________ is low. Question #3 1 Low life expectancy occurs due to some factors, first - ______________________, second - _______________, third - ______________________. Question #5 1 Among CIS countries ___________________ has very high birth rates. 2 Russia takes ____________________ after some developed countries in terms of the number of migrants. 3 With time passing by the number of “visitors” ___________________________. Question #6 1 ____________________ people migrated from Russia from 1991 to 2003. 2 There is no sign of _______________ ______________ to our distant neighbours. 3 People with _______________ _____________ constitute only about 15% of migration from Russia. Reading File Text 1 |
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